Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Controlling Inflation

INTRODUCTION Of the various ills the economy can face, inflation is simultaneously the worst for society as a whole. Inflation can be defined as the rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising, and, subsequently, purchasing power is falling (investopedia. com). Inflation is a sustained increase in the general level of prices. Since inflation is concerned with increases in the general level of prices, changes in the price of a single good or service cannot be characterized as inflation. The inflation rate is normally measured by percentage changes in the cost of a basket of consumer goods and services (central bank). Inflation in Trinidad has been fluctuating, as stated in the article Inflation rises to 5 per cent, found in the Saturday Guardian on the 27th February, 2010. The article gave the information given in the report done by the Central Statistical Office; it stated that headline inflation rose by 3. 7 per cent in the 12 months to January 2010 from the 1. 3 per cent a month earlier. Food price inflation rose by 2. per cent on a year on year basis in January following a decline of 0. 2 per cent in December 2009. Core inflation which excludes the impact of food prices, rose to 4. 2 per cent (year on year) in January from 2. 2 per cent in December. On a monthly basis, core inflation rose by 2. 2 per cent in January 2010, following an increase of 0. 1 per cent in December 2009 and three consecutive monthly declines. So we clearly see that inflation is present in the economy, and from the article it is quite unpredictable. What we need to ask ourselves is how we can deal with inflation? What we can do to make inflation easier? What can the government do what will the Central Bank do to deal with inflation? THE QUESTION INFLATION IS ON THE RISE, SO WHAT CAN BE DONE BY THE CENTRAL BANK OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO TO CONTROL INFLATION? LIMITATIONS/ CHALLENGES -My first challenge was that it was quite difficult to find an article that was appropriate, and dealt with the topics being covered this semester. -It was also a bit difficult to make sense of the article, and then to find literature to support it. Literature was found but making the link was quite difficult. LITERATURE REVIEW Austrian economists maintain that inflation is by definition always and everywhere simply an increase in the money supply (i. e. units of currency or means of exchange), which in turn leads to a higher nominal price level for assets (such as housing) and other goods and services in demand, as the real value of each monetary unit is eroded, loses purchasing power and thus buys fewer goods and services. Ludwig von Mises (cited in Wikiedia, 2010), the seminal scholar of the Austrian School, asserts that: â€Å"Inflation, as this term was always used everywhere and especially in this country, means increasing the quantity of money and bank notes in circulation and the quantity of bank deposits subject to check. But people today use the term `inflation' to refer to the phenomenon that is an inevitable consequence of inflation, that is the tendency of all prices and wage rates to rise. The result of this deplorable confusion is that there is no term left to signify the cause of this rise in prices and wages. There is no longer any word available to signify the phenomenon that has been, up to now, called inflation. . . . As you cannot talk about something that has no name, you cannot fight it. Those who pretend to fight inflation are in fact only fighting what is the inevitable consequence of inflation, rising prices. Their ventures are doomed to failure because they do not attack the root of the evil. They try to keep prices low while firmly committed to a policy of increasing the quantity of money that must necessarily make them soar. As long as this terminological confusion is not entirely wiped out, there cannot be any question of stopping inflation. † Inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon. — Milton Friedman, (1963). Friedman maintained that there is a close and stable association between inflation and the money supply mainly that the phenomenon of inflation is to be regulated by controlling the amount of money put into the national economy by the Federal Reserve Bank. Friedman rejected the use of fiscal policy as a tool of demand management; and he held that the government's role in the guidance of the economy should be restricted severely. Friedman wrote extensively on the Great Depression, which he termed the Great Contraction, arguing that it had been caused by an ordinary financial shock whose duration and seriousness were greatly increased by the subsequent contraction of the money supply caused by the misguided policies of the directors of the Federal Reserve. Inflation and monetary policy are closely related concepts wherein the latter can be used efficiently to reduce the effect of the former. Inflation is thought of as the rise in prices and wages that reduces the purchasing power of money. Monetary policy is the regulation adopted by the central bank, currency board or other regulatory authority which stabilizes the prices and maximizes production and employment of the country. Inflation is characterized by an increase in the general level of prices for goods and services. As a consequence, the purchasing power of money will fall. Most of the countries in the world try to sustain an inflation rate between 2 and 3 percent. The Fisher's equation depicts that proportional relation that exists between money supply and the price level. Monetary policy is a regulation of a central bank or any regulatory authority, which ascertains the size and growth rate of the money supply. Monetary policy directly influences the interest rates which in turn has a negative relation with the price level. In the face of inflation the central bank of the country generally resorts to a rise in the cash reserve ratio, repo rate and reverse repo rate. So the basic idea is to reduce the money supply in the economy. To this end government securities are also issued so as to mop up the excess money supply from the mass. This would reduce aggregate demand. This reduction would again help reduce the price level. Monetary policy is adopted with an objective to make the most of production and employment and consequently stabilize the price level of a country. Monetary policy also regulates the interest rate, availability of credit and at the same time promotes the overall economic growth of a country. Monetary policy facilitates establishing trade relationships with other countries. The Central Bank conducts monetary policy with the objective of maintaining a low and stable rate of inflation, an orderly foreign exchange market and an adequate level of foreign exchange reserves. The conduct of monetary policy is influenced significantly by the pace of real economic activity, the fiscal operations of the government, capital flows and the operations of the commercial banks. In order to achieve the goals of monetary policy, the Central Bank’s actions are designed to influence the level of liquidity in the banking system, which indirectly affects the level of interest rates and, ultimately, the overall demand for goods and services in the economy. The Monetary Policy Committee comprising the Governor and Deputy Governor deals with monetary policy matters including the setting of the â€Å"repo rate† which is announced on the first Thursday of each month. The Monetary Policy Support Committee, which is chaired by the Deputy Governor, Research and Policy, and includes senior staff of the Research, Domestic Market and Financial Institutions Supervision Departments, provides advice to the Monetary Policy Committee. This information was taken from the central bank of Trinidad and Tobago website. Governments have different areas of policy which they can use to regulate the economy. Here we will look at how they affect inflation. One policy is fiscal policy. Fiscal policy is based upon demand management, i. e. raising or lowering the level of aggregate demand. The most obvious policy is that governments should reduce government expenditure and raise taxes. It should be stated here that this policy will be successful only against demand inflation. Fiscal policy was the chief counter- inflationary measure in the 1950’s and 1960’s. One of the reasons for its failure then was the clash of objectives. Another policy is monetary policy. For many years monetary policy was seen as only supplementary to fiscal policy. The Radcliffe report’s conclusion, that ‘money is not important’, was widened into ‘money does not matter’. If m0onetary policy had a role, Keynesians saw it as being through the rate of interest. The monetarist prescription is to control the supply of money. This, as we have seen, was believed to be the only way in which inflation could be controlled. Then there is the direct intervention: prices and income policy. A price and income policy is where the government takes measures to restrict the increase in wages (income) and prices. (Beardshaw, Brewster, Cormack and Ross. 2001, p. 559-62). GLOSSARY OF TERMS CORE INFLATION- The component of measured inflation that has no medium to long-run impact on real output. It is usually derived by omitting volatile changes in the prices of certain items such as food and energy. FISCAL POLICY- refers to the expenditure a government undertakes to provide goods and services and to the way in which the government finances these expenditures. HEADLINE INFLATION- Inflation, as measured by the change in the overall retail prices index, is sometimes called â€Å"headline† inflation. INFLATION- Inflation is a sustained increase in the general level of prices. Since inflation is concerned with increases in the general level of prices, changes in the price of a single good or service cannot be characterized as inflation. The inflation rate is normally measured by percentage changes in the cost of a basket of consumer goods and services. LIQUIDITY- The level of cash or near cash assets of financial institutions readily available to meet day-to-day transaction needs. REPO RATE- Discount rate at which a central bank repurchases government securities from the commercial banks, depending on the level of money supply it decides to maintain in the country's monetary system. MOVEMENT OF SELECTED CATEGORIES OF THE INDEX OF RETAIL PRICES /Percentage Change/ MonthlyYear-on-Year December 2009January 2010 December 2009 January 2010 Headline Inflation(0. 1)1. 91. 33. 7 Food Prices(0. 3)1. 3(0. 2)2. 7 Bread and Cereals(0. 9)(0. 2)(7. 7)(6. 6) Meat(0. 2) (0. 8)(1. 0)(2. 4) Fish4. 2 3. 23. 7(0. 8) Vegetables (0. 1) (1. 6)(1. 3)1. 0 Fruits0. 4 11. 728. 537. 2 Milk, Cheese & Eggs(0. 4)(0. 1)(10. 2)(9. 7) Oils and Fats(0. 8)0. 3(0. 7)(1. 5) Sugar, Jam, Confectionery, etc0. 2 0. 61. 70. 7 Core Inflation0. 1 2. 22. 24. 2 Alcoholic Beverages & Tobacco0. 60. 114. 014. 0 Clothing and Footwear0. 10. 7(1. 5)(1. 0) Furnishings, Household Equipment and Routine Maintenance0. 00. 32. 21. 0 Health0. 1 0. 26. 76. 6 Of which: Medical Services0. 0 0. 414. 114. 0 Housing, Water, Electricity, Gas & Other Fuels0. 0(0. 1)1. 41. 1 Of which:: Rent0. 0 4. 22. 86. 5 Home Ownership 0. 0 (0. 8)0. 7(0. 2) Water, Electricity, Gas & Other Fuels0. 00. 02. 92. 9 Education0. 0 0. 03. 23. 2 Recreation & Culture0. 0(0. 3)(5. 7)3. 1 Hotels, Cafes & Restaurants0. 0 0. 53. 83. 0 Transport0. 0 10. 04. 39. 5 Source: Central Statistical Office. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1)Inflation, http://www. vision2020. info. tt/pdf/Statistics/inflation. pdf, cited on13th March, 2010. 2)Monetary Inflation – quantity theory, http://tutor2u. net/economics/content/topics/inflation/quantity_theory. tm, cited on 13th March, 2010 3)Milton Friedman, http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Milton_Friedman, cited on 13th March, 2010 4)Inflation and Monetary policy, http://www. economywatch. com/inflation/economy/monetary-policy. html, cited on 13th March, 2010 5) Monetary policy, http://www. central-bank. org. tt/monetary_policy/index. php, cited on 13th March, 2010 6)Economics a Student’s Guide, (fifth edition), by Beardsh aw, Brewster, Cormack, Ross, pg 559-562. 7)The Basics Economics, by Tony Cleaver, pg 111-138 8)Economics, (11th edition), Lipsey and Crystal.

Gender Roles in Society Essay

What is gender role? Gender roles can be linked closely to the Bible as the relations between men and women as both intuitive and sensual. Biologically gender is not determined; however, as a result of sexual characteristics of either men or women, it is established socially. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations gender is a central organizing principle of societies, and often governs the processes of production and reproduction, consumption and distribution. Gender issues focus on women and on the relationship between men and women, their roles, access to and control over resources, division of labor, interests and needs. Gender relations influence family well-being, household security, planning, production and many other aspects of life including the way we think or feel according to one’s gender. For this reason the definition of gender role today should be revised and predefined because the meaning it once had is no longer comparable with the Bible. Many countries have experienced huge turmoil and revising of its traditional gender roles within the last generation. These changes in gender roles affect the home, the workplace, and the school, plus they affect all walks of life to some degree. Gender role is a commonly discussed subject in society and many may argue about the true role of a man or a woman. Society and culture are also very important in relation to this subject. This means different societies and cultures may produce children and later, grown men and women, who have quite different views of a man or a woman’s place in the world around them, often determined by their culture’s gender stereotypes. Gender roles are attached to persons according to their gender. So, what are men’s and women’s roles in society? Should they be equal or do they have well defined roles they should play? In this day and age, people like to be intolerant by attempting to make the two sexes equal. Most people feel that it is unfair to say that women can do certain activities better than men and men can do other activities better than women but God actually made men and women differently and has given them different roles in life and society. God has made men and women to fit certain roles He has defined. The Bible talks a lot about God’s roles for men and women. Genesis, the first book of the Bible, talks about Creation and how sin entered the world. When God created everything, it was perfect and good. Right after Adam and Eve disobeyed God, God kicked them out of the perfect place he had made for them called the Garden of Eden. Genesis 3:16-19 says: â€Å"To the woman He said, ‘I will greatly multiply your pain in childbirth, in pain you shall bring forth children; yet your desire shall be for your husband, and he shall rule over you. Then to Adam He said, ‘Cursed is the ground because of you; in toil you shall eat of it all the days of your life. Both thorns and thistles it shall grow for you; and you shall eat the plants of the field; by the sweat of your face you shall eat bread’. This is God’s first example of roles to women and men. It was meant for men to take care of land and work it for food to provide for his family and women would bear children and take care of them and raise them while their husband worked. Again, a man and woman’s role is well defined in a home. They are both made for each other and to grow strong as one. A woman has quite a unique role to fill. She is made as a companion for her husband because without a wife a man is alone and she is the only one who can provide the companionship needs. She should give her husband affection because he needs it just as she needs it also and only she may know the husband in such a way to provide the kind of affection he needs. A wife is there to give physical needs because God made man and woman to rely on one another. Also a woman should bear children for her husband to make a family that they can all love and appreciate. Most mothers spend more time with her children and her influence on their character development is great because they see her the most. Lastly, every woman should be a keeper at home and this requires diligence and the kind of care only women can provide. It is a place of honor among God and His people. â€Å"A woman should be a guard, and ruler and keeper of the affairs of the home† (Prov. 31:13-15). There is nothing wrong with a woman working, as long as it is done in the right way it is honorable. All women, whether married or not, can look to the worthy woman for guidance for living godly lives. In God’s pattern we do not see slavery, but freedom, honor, and true beauty. However, all women shall strive to fulfill their God given roles in their own families, so as to gain honor for themselves, for their families, and for God. In addition, a man’s role in society differs quite differently from a woman. The man is the key to making the family work the way God intended. God puts the responsibility of having a Biblical family on the man. On top of that, men are under a lot of job pressure because of the failing economy which makes it harder to provide for the family. Many men never had a role model in their home. There should be Godly men helping their off springs to become who they ought to be for the glory of God. Men should love their family as Jesus loved the church; he is to also love the members of his family as he loves his body. He is to nourish it. He is to cherish it. He is to take care of it. That’s the way God wants a man to love his family. Eph. 5:23 says, â€Å"For the husband is the head of the wife, even as Christ is the head of the church and the Savior of the body. † Notice that it didn’t say the head over the wife; it said the head of the wife. It is not dictatorship. A man is not the dictator in the family but the man is to protect and provide for his family. Being a good provider is not enough as men have a spiritual responsibility. They should get their family in church each Sunday and take every opportunity to help them learn about Jesus Christ and to grow in their relationship with Him. Men should obey the word of the Lord and ask the Lord to help him be the man he should be. Many of men have failed to lead their family like they should. However, if he is the man, the father, the kind of husband God wants him to be, and if he lifts his family to be everything God wants them to be, one of these days he will reap a good harvest in his children. However, the shifting of gender roles in the past thirty years has been huge. It has happened so quickly that men and women are still trying to sort out what the new roles and rules mean to them although women are no longer expected to be the keepers of the house, in reality, they are in most families and although men are generally open to the successes enjoyed by the women they share their lives with, some still find it hard to celebrate a woman’s triumphs because they feel it attenuates their own. Even though the Bible clearly states the role of a man and a woman many individuals may argue this because the Bible was written a long time ago and they feel such implications do not apply anymore. Yet, the Bible is the word of God and his word is always right and should be abided by no matter how we may feel. Historically, it is important also to note that cultural differences flourish in the emphasis of one’s gender role and in certain societies such assumption in accepted gender norms can also play some part in the definition of gender identity. It will take time to sort out all the assumptions of the changing gender roles of individuals, but new expectations should result in better lives, better relationships, better schools, and better workplaces.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Concept of Dynamics in Music

Imagine you are listening to Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros close their concert with 0m Nashi Me, and the whole band stops right in the middle of the song. Or you are watching The Avett Brothers open up their concert with Paranoia In B Flat Major, and by the end of the song, they are playing nearly twice the volume they started out at, and the crowd grew right alongside them. Music has the ability to produce feelings and energy that few things are capable of reproducing.There are any different elements that bring life to these feelings, but dynamics are something that possess the power to change the mood of a song, and the person listening to It. Simply put, dynamics are â€Å"variation and gradation in the volume of musical sound. † (Merriam-Webster) They are what make it possible for a song to be barely audible at the beginning, and crescendo into a powerful and moving composition. They can also change suddenly and drastically, for example a, sforzando.Sudden changes I n dynamics can be notated by adding the word subito (Italian for suddenly) s a prefix or suffix to the new dynamic notation. Accented notes , which are notes to emphasize or play louder compared to surrounding notes, can be called sforzando, sforzato, forzando or forzato (abbreviated sfz or fz). There are two Italian words that are used to show gradual changes in volume, which are the opposite of accented notes. Crescendo, abbreviated cresc. , translates as â€Å"gradually becoming louder†, and diminuendo, abbreviated dim.. means â€Å"gradually becoming softer†.The alternate decrescendo, abbreviated to decresc. also means â€Å"gradually becoming softer†. In addition to all of the volume Indications have mentioned, the execution of a given piece, for example the stylistic choices of staccato or legato are part of dynamics also. (Dynamics, music) When written in musical notation, for example in a band or orchestra piece, they are what allow for the whole band to be given very specific instructions on what the composer intended for an individual part to sound like† making dynamics Just another word in the beautiful language that music is.Although dynamics seem to be what makes music possible, music actually existed before the Introduction of different dynamic levels. The harpsichord†which Is â€Å"a keyboard instrument, precursor of the piano, in which the strings are plucked by leather or quill points connected with the keys†, (Merriam-Webster) could play only â€Å"terraced† dynamics, which are either loud or soft, but not In between. (Dynamics, music)To get around this dilemma, composters would use the trick of layering chords together to create a contrast In sounds, without a single note having to be louder or ofter.The Renaissance composer Giovanni Gabrieli was one of the first composers to Indicate dynamics In music notation, and since him, It Is hard to find a song that doesnt have variations in volume writt en in. (Dynamics, music) But, music is often left open to some interpretation by the performers or director, and dynamics are no exception to this rule. Dynamic indications are relative, not absolute. Mp does not indicate an exact level of volume; it just indicates that the part marked as such t Of3 snou10 De a llttle louder tnan p ana a llttle quleter tnan mT.Ine ty to aec10e wnat would be appropriate or best contribute to the sound as a whole group is part of what makes music great. Counting Crows has a very wise song called Big Yellow Taxi that describes perfectly the idea of appreciating things more after the absence of them. The song says, â€Å"Don't it always seem to go, that you don't know what you've got til its gone. † (Big Yellow Taxi) I think this song applies to music Just as it applies to the seasons during the year.When you're listening to a song that is very quiet, and radually or suddenly grows loud, that makes a much larger impact on the emotion of the song than if it had Just started at the louder volume. Or, if you are listening to a song that has unexpected loud notes, that instantly makes it more interesting to listen to. This applies to the seasons, especially in Minnesota, that you think you appreciate summer weather, but after a long winter, you realize how much you had missed it and welcome it much more. Contrast and diversity are what make things beautiful in all things.Whether its music, weather, people, religion, or any other xample. There is much to be learned from diversity of appearance, beliefs, experience, sound, or qualities. Early on, composers realized the power of dynamics and many uses of them in compositions have become iconic in a sense. An example is when John Cage took a chance and composed a song in 1952 that instructed the musician to go to their instrument and be silent for 4 minutes and 33 seconds. (4†² 33†²)The idea was that in the absence of what the audience was expecting, they would hear all t he environmental noise around them, and appreciate everyday sounds as music.Another example of an iconic use of dynamics is in Beethoven's 5th symphony, which was written between 1804 and 1808. (Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)). The song starts out really intense with the 4 note fgure that everybody seems to know– regardless of their music taste. It remains intense for about a minute only to back off, then build, alternating between loud and soft and finally end with an impressive crescendo. This constant variation makes it very interesting and emotional. Another iconic example is when Count Basie and his Orchestra performed All of Me in 1965.It starts with a mooth piano and percussion line, then about a minute into the piece, almost startlingly sudden, the horns Join and instantly add life and excitement to the song. (Basie, Count) These musical geniuses, though they composed during very different stages of the development of music, all appreciated the effect dynamics could have on music. Music as definitely evolved over the years, as has the use of dynamics. There is a wide variety of musicians and bands that make dynamics a key element to their music.

Monday, July 29, 2019

Production and Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Production and Operations Management - Essay Example There are generally five operation and supply performance objectives. These are: i. Cost: this is the ability of organization to produce at the minimum cost. ii. Quality: the organization’s capability to produce depending on its specifications without any error. iii. Speed: the ability of doing things rapidly in response to customers’ requirements and demands hence giving short lead times amidst when customers order product or services and the time they receive them. iv. Dependability: the ability of delivering products and services depending on promises conducted on customers. For instance in the quotation or any other published information. v. Flexibility: the ability of changing operations. ... That statement shows organization’s aspirations and values, hence the primary purpose and reason for its existence. Founded on the mission statement, those organizations formulate its business plan. The plan of that organization is a permanent to accomplish the mission set forth within its mission statement. Every function in that business may then derive its own plan to support the organization’s entire business strategy (Slack & Lewis, 2002). Mills (2002), operation and Supply strategy of an organization is thus the mutual concrete actions taken, mandated and stimulated within that organization’s strategy. This is implemented in that organization’s operation function. The operations plan brings together several operations actions and decisions into an interrelated persistent response into competitive forces. These are connected into organization’s programs, policies, actions and systems to a systematic reaction into the competitive priorities comm unicated and chosen by the business or corporate plan. Thus, the Operation and Supply strategy specifies the manner in which an organization lays its operation capabilities in support of the business strategies. How Operation and Supply strategy in industry affects the customer service Background and Objectives Operation and Supply strategy describes the certain kinds of value that organization delivers to its customers. It recognizes the business units to be involved in that organization. The organization unit strategy identifies capabilities, priorities and resource deployments required in support of that business strategy within the associated value proposition. All the levels of strategic

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Film Assignment Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Film Assignment - Movie Review Example The girl can no longer participate in the online dating and hence misses an opportunity to date a boy that she likes. In the Twilight zone Episode, the absence of color in the film is an essence. The dreamlike atmosphere in the film would not have been achieved had it been filmed in color (Serling YouTube). The Twilight Zone could not have properly been itself in color. Lack of color makes the film enter a special, sometimes eerie world, and this is perfectly expressed by the black and white. It is a rarefied atmosphere. Absence of color creates timeless in the film (Serling YouTube). Mr. Henry Bemis hides to read books and even risks absconding duties to read books (Serling YouTube). He is at last in the world without anyone. Although the absence of his wife gives him freedom to read, the absence of people worries him. Indeed, the absence of people makes him uncomfortable (Serling YouTube). The absence of people in the Henry’s new world depicts emptiness in henry’s life despite his new found freedom. He almost shoots himself due to loneliness. In this case, the essence of absence suffices by the loneliness, wording, and the empty background, which has no life. Another essence of absence helps create a theme of loneliness or isolation. Many films explore these motifs as depicted by the Twilight episode (Serling YouTube). this is created by use of characters battling their own psychological challenges or quite simply, being stranded in a place far, far away with the aim of figuratively creating the ‘lonely’ characters perception in the viewer. They brood and emotionally charge the viewer to have an ideal scenario of loneliness (Serling YouTube). Victor Sjostrom, the main character in the Twilight episode goes through an excursion where he confronts recurring nightmares and visions, of fractured human relationships from his past he seems lonely and mentally disturbed and as well battling with emotions brought about by his past memories

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Real World Negotiation 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Real World Negotiation 2 - Assignment Example The pair, Sofia and Echo, remained on silent terms for about a week until when Echo approached me and asked me to facilitate their reconciliation. Echo and I had a lengthy discussion and he expressed his desire to resolve his conflict with Sofia. So we arranged for a special dinner whereby I could meet both of them and try to resolve the conflict. I called Sofia and asked her to accompany me for dinner on that due date. I requested to surprise her by inviting a third person, Echo. To keep Sofia calm, I reminded her of how she had made out with a stranger at a party and never mentioned the same to Echo. I indirectly threatened to discuss the same with Echo and see if she was fair enough in her reaction. She eventually agreed to my proposal out of guilt. Thereafter, I rang my favorite hotel and made a reservation for a table for three. When the three of us met at the hotel, I asked Echo to apologize to Sofia after talking to them deeply in turns. I deliberately told Echo numerous and long stories of how wrong cheating was to compel him to issue an apology. He asked for forgiveness without complaining. I requested Sofia to accept the apology and as a reward I promised to do her laundry for the next two weeks. Sofia smiled as she embraced Echo in a show of forgiveness. I used the tactic successfully to compel Echo to issue an apology to Sofia. The very long stories about the negative aspect of cheating left him no chance of arguing. Next time I am negotiating using the tactic, I would give stories with both positive and negative aspects. That would ensure the other party does not discover my intention in advance. I successfully employed the tactic on Sofia at the instance that I reminded her of how she had made out with a stranger. The reminder sparked emotions of guilt in her conscience. Through arousing guilt inside Sofia, I had used intimidation to make her accept my dinner proposal. The tactic worked because I

Friday, July 26, 2019

Nigeria and Oil Extraction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nigeria and Oil Extraction - Essay Example Oil industry forms a major part of the export sector of Nigeria. However, the oil drilling and oil exploration has lead to massive environmental problems, such as water pollution, land degradation and breakdown of ecosystem. These issues have created further social problems in the lives of Nigerians. It seems that Nigerians are paying a huge price for economic development. Oil forms a pertinent part of the exports of the African country, Nigeria. In fact, much of the development, which started in the 1950s in this country, has been attributed to the revenue obtained from the oil industry. Moreover, future advancement in Nigeria depends largely on this industry. Nigeria comes second to the leading African nations, exporting oil. Since the discovery of oil in 1959, the country has largely become independent on this commodity for its foreign exchange reserves. Nigeria has improved economically and socially, since this has led to better infrastructure facilities, and a better trade balan ce. Nigeria is bound to progress in every occupation, because it remains one of the nations having huge amount of oil reserves, which remains the most prized commodity. Therefore, oil exploration and drilling should have profound impacts on the lives of Nigerians, which advances their lifestyle. This could mean in terms of better living conditions, education, better agriculture, better environment and availability of food (Emiri, Deinduomo, pp.349, year). However, this has not been the case, when it comes to Nigeria. Nigeria remains one of the Third World Countries, which is crippled by the same problems such countries face. One of the common problems faced by Third World Countries includes the rapid environment degradation. Environmental degradation has been advanced by the oil industry, because of the drilling impacts. The paper largely focuses on the different environmental impacts that the oil industry has created. It has become an issue of immense concern, especially in the rec ent decades. Environmental degradation has gotten quite out of hand. This can be proved by the fact that the Millennium Development Goals, which had to be completed by various countries by the year 2012, includes the issue of environmental management. Environmental management includes areas such as the protection and the sustainable use of the elements of the environment. It also includes the reversal of those environmental problems, which humans have created (Child Development, n.p). However, Nigeria has remained far behind in this goal. Environmental degradation has multiplied; because of the increased oil, drilling that has been occurring since the past few decades. Nevertheless, that does not signify or assume that there remains no environmental awareness in Nigeria. The negative environmental effects of oil operations have largely been studied and documented by van Dessel, who used to be the environmental studies head of Shell in Nigeria. He found out that many of the environme ntal problems stem from oil spills, gas flares, oil and other waste, drilling and even during surveys. Seismic surveys create many problems, such as the cutting of lines that adversely affect the mangroves forestation. The whole ecosystem gets disturbed in this way. Therefore, one such simple example shows the numerous environmental effects of oil drilling (Frynas, pp. 158). The environmental impact has been significant particularly in one area, which includes the Niger Delta region. This region forms part of history in the way that the first oil exploration was conducted in this area in 1956. At the time of discovery, some 5000 barrels of oil were produced every day. However, now the production has extended to such a large

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Strategy plans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategy plans - Essay Example Furthermore, the proponent gives comments on how Apple has implemented its strategy within its organization, the control it placed on the organization to monitor its success and eventually how this influenced its staffing requirements. Strategy Plans Due to various changes in the computer industry, strategies need to be planned at Apple Incorporated. There are two essential considerations that Apple has to take into account in order to entirely deliver its strategy plans. These include allocating resources between traditional and new product offerings in order to both maintain and improve its market position, and maintaining its competitive advantage through its unique retail strategy and capitalizing on new and emerging trends (Di Muro, Murray, & Goode, 2010). All of these are remarkable components of Apple’s strategy plans in order to grow its business especially in the midst of constantly changing market in Personal Computers Industry. Thus, there are two obvious strategic plans that Apple should pursue and these include the idea of maintaining and improving its market position and its competitive advantage, respectively. ... Clearly, strategies need to be formulated as well in order to obtain these goals. In particular, under improving or maintaining its market position, Apple Incorporated needs to exactly create highly differentiated products through its initiative in latest product development or innovation. It is in line with this that Apple needs to substantially create more focus in dealing with its traditional and new products based on the latest trends. This means Apple needs to compete with making a difference with its product offerings. This is the very point of its differentiation strategy in order to improve or maintain its market position. On the other hand, in order to achieve its competitive advantage, Apple needs to substantially consider its unique retail strategy which is related to the creation of its market share. In the midst of a very competitive market due to different key players trying to emphasize target market for their product offerings, Apple remarkably needs to consider explo ring more possibilities on how they exactly make it successful for their products to reach into their customers. While adhering completely on its branding strategy, Apple needs to ensure that its products are handled accordingly by highly accredited retailers. This is to ensure preserving its property rights, which at some point has become an integral part of its product identity and quality trademark. Thus, Apple substantially invests its resources in maximizing the image of its brand as essential component of its unique retail strategy. Implementation of strategy Implementation of strategy would never be that easy especially in the industry where Apple belongs due to a very tight

Boundary Spanning Role of Human Resources Management Essay

Boundary Spanning Role of Human Resources Management - Essay Example Despite what we have termed "phantom threats," boundary spanners are able to maintain their influence through astute management of information that portrays their continued usefulness. This phase however cannot last forever, and boundary spanners need to discover new threats. A review of the development and evolution of HRM in the U.S. supports the proposed model. Because each of the three stages are reflected in the communication patterns of the boundary spanner, several propositions based on the notion of information richness and the nature of the language used in communicating with three critical groups (i.e., external contacts, management, and subordinate staff) are generated to test the model. (Cenzo, 2003) Finally, suggestions for research are made. The political perspective of human resource management (HRM) at the organizational level has been suggested, but while empirical studies have shown this political view of organizations to be a viable alternative (e.g., the influence of interest groups in HRM practices), there is still an inadequate understanding of how HRM departments are able to gain and maintain power and influence. Boundary spanning, with its function of information management, has been shown as a determinant of influence in organizations, and we suggest that this is a possible answer. While many specific boundary spanning roles have been examined, such as sales representatives, purchasing agents, boards of directors, and legal departments, the HRM function has not been systematically analyzed from this perspective. In addition, our current conceptualization is incomplete and must be supplemented by what happens after the creation of boundary spanning roles. We present a conceptual framework for the boundary spanning role that considers its evolution from the initial functional rationale for the creation of such roles, to the institutionalization of its function, to its renewed search for functional justification in order to protect and increase its power base. Boundary spanning has been extensively studied, specifically with respect to the boundary spanner's dual functions of processing environmental information for the organization and representing the firm to the external environment. The boundary spanner's role as information processor helps to protect the organization from information overload, as the boundary spanner filters, interprets, and channels relevant information to appropriate divisions of the firm. The boundary spanner's role as external representative can involve establishing and maintaining the organization's social and political legitimacy, and its public image. Indeed, we argue later in this paper and elsewhere that the increased power, influence, and reputation of the HRM function are at least partially a function of legitimizing and image-enhancing activities. Organizations create boundary spanning roles in response to environmental contingencies which are considered to be important for the firm's well-being. Mick (2005) noted that boundary spanning roles also are selected by the external environment for their contribution to the exchange of information across

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Reflection Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflection - Coursework Example These skills include professionalism, networking through social media and brand development. Having a good brand will enable me to sell my personal traits, skills and expertise to potential employers. I will use these skills to develop myself through learning how to sell my personality to the employers, thus enhancing my employability. I will also learn how to conduct myself during interviews and to develop some transferable skills, which include emotional intelligence at level one, self-responsibility at level two and leadership skills at level three (Cottrell 2010). Moreover, I also need to develop my professional skills in my area of training or specialization and do proper goal setting to create a focused target of my career growth and development. Finally, I need to perfect my role-playing skills. These skills enable me to know, understand and master my position in the business dynamics. For me to get a good job, learning presentation skills is important especially during interviews, and learning how to articulate complex information relating to my

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Describing an organization or unit of an organization utilizing a Essay

Describing an organization or unit of an organization utilizing a metaphor - Essay Example Also, regular medical check-ups help maintain the physical fitness of workers and guarantee that work flow will not be derailed due to health reasons. The Joint Commission is â€Å"an independent, not-for-profit organization that accredits and certifies more than 15,000 health care organizations and programs in the United States. Joint Commission accreditation and certification is recognized nationwide as a symbol of quality that reflects an organization’s commitment to meeting certain performance standards. â€Å" (from Joint Commission website). Its mission is to â€Å"continuously improve the safety and quality of care provided to the public through the provision of health care accreditation and related services that support performance improvement in health care organizations. â€Å" (Joint Commission website). The Joint Commission provides the premium standards that health care institutions must comply with to ensure that patients are provided the utmost quality of care they deserve. Upon successfully passing the accreditation requirements, the health care organization earns the symbol of quality that reflects the organization’s commitment to excellence – the Joint Commission’s Gold Seal of Approval. To maintain it, the organization should undergo on-site surveys conducted by a Joint Commission survey team at least every three years. The Joint Commission is a renowned organization that has grown to include wide individual and corporate memberships. It is governed by a 29-member Board of Commissioners including physicians, administrators, nurses, employers, a labor representative, health plan leaders, quality experts, ethicists, a consumer advocate and educators. The wide diversity of experiences of the commissioners enriches health care with their professional backgrounds. The corporate membership likewise enjoys an esteemed group of organizations such as the American College of Physicians, the American College of Surgeons, the American Dental

Monday, July 22, 2019

Goody Proctor Essay Example for Free

Goody Proctor Essay He asked the question in such surprise and disgust, the author has been very extreme in many every day situations that we would think ordinary, another example is, Martha my wife. I have waked at night many a time and found her in a corner, reading a book. Now what do you make of that this tells us how the people of Salem cry witchcraft at anyone different, that something so ordinary to us may be deemed evil to another. Arthur Miller shows us how different there morals lie and this in turn contributes to our understanding of how Abigail lets things spiral so far out of control. When realizing the cultural difference and conversely the vast similarities that, though sometimes unnoticed, effected both the McCarthy trials and correspondingly us today; it makes the reader draw detections from there own lives and feel empathy for the characters and there unfortunate circumstances. The puritan rules add to the hysteria, as it makes simple life choices so dramatic, Marriage is a main pillar of the puritan lifestyle an example of how marriage becomes more imperative is shows this is the name goody this is the name given to puritans who are married. This shows us that to puritans class married women above others. In puritan realign one is not considered an adult until they are married, this also puts pressure on children to find a husband, this status is shown in an argument between john Procter and Marry Warren Ill whip the devil out of you go to bed -Ill not be ordered to bed any more, Mr. Procter! I am eighteen and a woman, however single. Marry Warren is generally a timid charter but she wants to be classed as a women despite the fact she is not married and because of that she is forced to speak out. This quote shows that a The whole of the puritan lifestyle in focused on marriage and church, both of which Abigail is tampering with, and to understand part of the reason as to why the people of Salem were so distort over whelmed and bewildered at how to cope with the accusation of witchcraft is that puritan people live a sheltered life restricted by the enforcers of there realign. An example of this is uncle we did dance Ill be whipped if I must to our modern day society and people in the 1950s this would seem outrageous and over barring that they want to control your life, but author miller is drawing links between capitalism and Puritanism, both trying to control peoples idea and way of life. It proves that the majority of people believe in what there told by there elected authority, capitalists say communism is bad; they then go round destroying the lifes of those who challenge them. In Salem they say all you must have in your life is church and marriage people that try a devoid from their rules e. g.  supposed whichs, were prosecuted and eventually killed. But there comes a point where a person must stand up for what is clearly and ethically wrong, in the McCarthy trial it was Arthur miller through writing this play, and in Slam it was john Procter, the protagonist in this tragedy, the main character, author millers own creation. The author perceptively wrote Abigails fictional self based on that of a real person, whose identity adds to the depth of the character; a young girl named Abigail Williams, aged 10 in the McCarthy trials was Arthur Millers foundation for the fictional character that was later formed. At first the most noticeable feature is there difference in age however when looking at the fictional Abigail Williams immaturity insinuates this make them more similar than first perceived this is shown in the quote [with a flash of anger]: How do you call me child this shows her irrational unstable emotions and insecurities and as a result her actions make her seemingly more childlike as she seems to be oblivious to the damage she causes throughout Salem. This is also displayed in the way she talks to her friends an example is in the quote I say shut it, Marry Warren! this demonstrate how immaturely and impatiently she deals with people. Another example is though the way she talks to the reverend about others Its a bitter woman, a lying, cold sniveling woman Goody Proctor is a gossiping liar! she is talking to her uncle a senior and supposedly respected family member refer more a man of highest authority within Salem. Yet despite this fact she is still rude, unforgiving and disrespectful whilst in the presence of a man of the church Abigail doesnt refer to her as a person with feelings rather uses the words, its and woman. Moreover she uses lying, cold and sniveling, three descriptive words to emphasize her point, this repetitive technique is a demonstration of how grammar and techniques like this contribute to her subtle yet calculated persuasion. Finally even the grand judge of the court Danforth, if you make me answer that question I shall leave and never come back! this show that even when the truth is shown she is so stubborn that she will deny it until she is blue in face, even when she is about to be proved wrong she stands her ground as she cannot handle anyone challenging her self authority like a child having a temper tantrum. Abigail is determined in her will to acquire john Procter so much so she comes across as spoilt and stubborn. This is shown in the quote you love me John Procter an what ever sin it is you love me yet This childlike character trait is very important as her stubborn and irrational ideas are what drive her to continue accusing witches. Abigails sharp mind helps her convincing overpower the people around her. The other girls look up to Abby, she is always sure in herself insert quote this makes them idolize her and consequently this prompts the girls do what she wants, an example of this is said by one of the girls Marry Warren whatll we do? The whole countrys talking witchcraft! Theyll be calling us witches Abby this show that they confide an trust her, she uses Abigail informal name Abby this suggest she sees Abigail as a friend, this is supported as they turn to her for advice as she seems more mature, but her scheming mind uses this admiration to force them to do as she demands. Her controlling nature is also apparent in the quote Betty? Now Betty dear wake up now. Its Abigail. Ill beat you Betty! My you seem to be improving shes uses a rage of different devices to suit the target audience, in this case Betty is a small child, and so she plays on her dependence on Abigail, by instilling fear this is done through using changes in approach such as variations of tone at first gentle then angry and then comforting, she even resorts to threats till she gets her to talk, she takes the audience through emotional ride with unexpected twists this makes her good not just as a fascinating character but as a device on stage. Secondly innocent people within the village, I wrote in his book; I go back to Jesus; I kiss his hand. I saw Sarah good with e the devil! I saw goody Osborn with the devil! I saw Bridget bishop with the devil! this also shows she has no remorse as she continually accuses and as a results has them killed. Thirdly Abigail is clever this adds to her manipulation she works out how to get around people, a quote which shows this is, we danced that is all breathe a word about the other things, and I will come to you in the black of some terrible night and however although Abigail sees her self in a higher status to the other girls and as such comfortable in making them experience weakness so they feel reliance upon her. Arthur miller wrote the Crucible as a Tragedy this adds to the drama created by the charters, as we know they are destined for a disastrous and untimely end. The author has included typical themes used in a tragedy. Firstly he is describing the downfall of a great man in this case john Procter. What makes him grate is that he is the only person that sees through the high courts for what they really are however he gave in to temptation insert quote about john sleeping with Abigail this quote tells us his hubris, his weakness it was that he lusted after Abigail and committed adultery. She is his weakness an as such is a hamartia, the person that causes the downfall of the protagonist. Abigails importance as a hamartia is so vital to the play, so much if she hadnt of slept with john, the chain of events that led to his death and the many others in the witch trials, wouldnt have happened. Consequently its Abigails lust for john that causes her to go to the woods, that starts the witchcraft suspicions that Abigail uses to her vindictive advantage. The start of the Salem witch trial was initiation by Abigail Williams, with the soul purpose of accusing Elizabeth and gets her killed. She did this because she is assumed with love for john and wants to believe her feelings arent unrequited, give me a word, john. A soft word. (Her concentrated smile and desire destroys his smile) the remembrance of the affair makes john uncomfortable and unhappy, this shows that where as Abigail is still hopeful, shown through concentrated desire those words show us how unrelenting her love is, she is desperately searching for some reassurance that her feelings are not unrequited. However Abigail says you loved me, john proctor, and whatever sin it is, you love me yet! this shows us how insecure she is, that she tries to convince someone to love her, and by saying it out loud shes almost trying to convince herself. This unrequited love makes us feel sorry for Abigail as shes desperately trying to make excuses for him. In his quote she says loving her is a sin, this is an important in the puritan lives, as they are meant live for god. If she is a sin it is understandable that he does not show his feelings for her.

Sunday, July 21, 2019

How To Straighten Teeth Without Wearing Braces English Language Essay

How To Straighten Teeth Without Wearing Braces English Language Essay You might wonder if it is really possible to straighten your teeth and have them in a pearly row without having to wear braces. A few years ago if you had buck teeth or uneven teeth then your only option of getting them straightened was to opt for braces. This is considered to be quite cumbersome as it involves the painful process of wearing braces. However this is a thing of the past. This will spare you from having to wear braces for years. You now do have the option of being able to cut short the process of straightening your teeth and not go through the painful and long drawn out process of having to wear braces. And yet go on to have the best of teeth. The latest is the use of invisalign in place of the traditional braces that have always been used. The way the invisalign is made is that it has a set of retainer like mouthpieces. The role of these are to ensure that your teeth are straight and in a row. It takes about a year to straighten out your teeth by using invisalign and sparing yourself the use of braces. However, the flip side to invisalign is that they work well on teeth with minor misplacement. Another option for you could be the use of veneers. The use of veneers ensures that you are able to apply them directly to your teeth and you wont have to deal with the old imperfect row of teeth any longer. There are two different kinds of veneers that you can choose from which are either porcelain or composite. You can discuss it further with the orthodontist regarding whether it will be the right kind of thing to opt for, for your kind of teeth. If your teeth are overcrowded then you might be able to go for cosmetic contouring rather than having braces on. This is an absolutely pain free process and will have your teeth reshaped by a cosmetic dentist. Within a visit or two to the dentist you will be done. Therefore, it does not take that long a process as with braces. There are removable orthodontic appliances that you can wear at night or on specific days. These though work best on the upper row of teeth. If you want to avoid the use of braces then this might work out to be a good enough option to talk over with the orthodontist. There are retainers that can help correct the alignment of the teeth. Ask your dentist if one of these can be designed specifically for your teeth. However, keep in mind that most of these techniques work for people who need minor corrections to their teeth. In case they need major straightening of the teeth then they might not be the right kind of candidate for this kind of procedure. If you have already worn braces for a while and then given up on them, then this kind of procedure will work fine for you. 11.  Ã‚  Ã‚  How Can I Remove Stains From Ceramic Braces? Many people prefer to opt for ceramic braces as they are less visible and intrusive. They are more aesthetic than the full metal ones. These ceramic braces need to be attached to the tooth surface using ligatures which are tiny rubber bands and thin metals. This helps in the realignment of the teeth. This in turn adds to the stain on the teeth as they easily pick up the stains from the food and drink that they are exposed to. This starts looking ugly and unattractive and can go on to give your teeth a really ugly yellowish hue to them. The first thing that you should do is to bring to the attention of the orthodontist the stains and how they affect you. The glue that is used will be minimized and regular visits to the orthodontist will ensure that you have no noticeable stains on your teeth. When you choose the colors for the ligature ensure that you choose right. There are some colors that stain less when compared to other colors. It is a not a good idea to opt for ligatures that are invisible and white in color as the chances of them getting stained are more. On the other hand ligatures that are dark in color such as blacks and maroons will stain less. The only thing that you might mind with these dark ligatures is that they make the wearing of braces obvious. Pastel colors are a good option and they show less of staining with enough good dental hygiene. The next thing that you need to consider in order to go on and keep your cosmetic braces and teeth stain free is good hygiene. This includes brushing and flossing of your teeth diligently and regularly. Ensure that you are able to reach the hard to reach areas as well. 12.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Take Care of Your Braces To Get The Best Smile If you want to be left behind with one of the most dazzling of smiles after the braces treatment then you do need to ensure that you take good care of the braces. The thing is that when you have braces on you have more bands, brackets and wires in your teeth than you will have at any other time in your life. This makes brushing of your teeth far more difficult that is the reason you need to learn of the right way to go about and brush your teeth. Also, with the braces on you will not be able to chew in the most normal of fashions. This is one of the reasons why you should maintain top hygienic conditions in order to avoid any development of cavities in your teeth. This can further foster the entrapment of food and pieces of your meal which can go on to create tartar and plaque on your teeth. As you brush between the wires of your braces you should ensure that you take due care of them. Also you should ensure that you do follow the restrictions that have been laid down by your orthodontist. This will go on to increase the treatment options and within no time your braces will be off and you will be left behind with a sparkling smile to boot. Ensure that you make the right food choices when you have your braces on. Do not gorge on sticky food as this will cause more dental decay and make it difficult for you to go on and clean between your braces. Also, try and eliminate hard and crunchy foods from your diet as this might go on to harm your braces and interfere with the treatment. The hard food can go on to bend and warp the braces which will interfere with your treatment. Also, the rubber bands will be loosened and this will not go on to place enough tension on to your teeth. Do not put anything into your mouth whilst you have braces on such as pencils, pens, fingers, ice cubes as this will affect your braces. Do not eat food with a high content of citric acid as it will make your teeths enamel weak and dissolve it. The next thing to keep in mind when you have your braces on is that you do need to take the utmost care of your teeth and hygiene in fact more than what you did previously. What you need to do is to brush and floss your teeth diligently at least three times a day if not multiple amounts of times. Also, floss with great care so as to remove the hidden particles of food from every nook and crevice of your teeth. Do not bite your fingernails or plastic packaging. If you take all of these considerations, the moment you remove your braces you will be left behind with the most dazzling of smiles. 13 Affordable Orthodontics How to Find Cheap Dental Braces You know htat you need to have braces on your teeth in order to straighten them out and get the best smile possible for yourself, but what is holding you back in the cost for the braces. Do not despair as there are ways by which you can go on to have the best possible braces for yourself without emptying out your wallet. What you need to consider is the finding of cheap dental braces. There are ways in which you can go on to save big money on your braces. You might want to look at your insurance policy but unless you have a separate policy for dental care your policy will not go on to cover it. Moreover, you should have taken the policy way before the need for one arose. Also, with the insurance policy there is a specified limit and once you go on to cross that limit you will not find any further financial help. Another alternative to this is to opt for a discounted dental plan. This is a plan that goes on to offer you a hefty discount on the orthodontist treatment that you opt for. This discounted dental plan goes on to work even for existing concerns unlike in the case of an insurance plan. What you need to do is to join the plan and then you can avail of the discounts right away. Another way to get yourself cheap braces is to discuss it with your orthodontist or their office. You might feel hesitant and embarrassed to ask for a discount but you will be amazed at the amount that you can save that way. There are dentists who might offer you a discount in their fees or the materials that goes into the treatment for braces. There are several trainee hospitals that need patients for their students to be able to learn. You can take an appointment with one of these. These might be completely free or they might just charge you for the materials used. You need not worry as the students are under the strict vigilance of their coach who is a trained professional orthodontist. The only flip side to this is that it might take a wee bit longer than envisaged. But, it is certainly worth it as you end up getting the treatment almost free of cost. If you are looking for saving more money on the braces then you can let your orthodontist know about that and they will show you braces that are not that aesthetic to look at but work just as well. these are priced at a far more lower rate and they actually work in straightening out your teeth and getting you a discount as well. The approximate costs for braces works out to be about $5000 but if you play it smart you can get them done at a far cheaper rate than that. 14 How to Clean Your Mouth With Dental Braces When you have braces on your mouth is going to be filled with wires, brackets and metal of all kind. This will make it all the more hard for an ordinary tooth brush to reach the various parts of your mouth and teeth. But, it is absolutely imperative that you brush and floss diligently several times in a day if you want to keep cavity and gum disease at bay. That is one of the reasons why you need to adopt a stringent hygiene control method that will have you cleaning your teeth and mouth in the right manner. you need to ensure that you eat the right kinds of food that are not sticky and hard so as to stick to your teeth and be hard for a brush to remove. Also, avoid food that is highly acidic in nature in order to guard your teeth enamel against weakening and wearing off. Avoid all kinds of food that is high in fructose and glucose as they are sticky and a natural breeding ground for bacteria. The first thing to remember when you have braces on is to brush and floss your teeth after every meal that you eat. Before you go to bed at night it is imperative that you clean your mouth well and remove all traces of food from it. You need a soft brush and one that is able to give you a thorough brushing. Make your toothbrush and toothpaste your best friends and carry them along with you wherever you go. This will enable you to get into the habit of brushing after every meal no matter where you are. Every time that you visit your orthodontist they will clean your teeth professionally in order to remove any build up of plaque and tartar. There are dentists that might go on to apply braces wax on your teeth in order to go on and protect it from the harmful effect of food on it. Also, there are a few readymade braces cleaning kits available in the market. The braces kit will consist of a range of toothbrushes, toothpastes, and dental wax. When you have all of this in one place you will be more likely to reach out for them and use them. Make sure that you pay special attention to the kind of toothpaste and tooth brush that you use. The toothbrush should have an angular head and be able to brush at all angles. The bristles on it should be soft. The toothbrush should have special ingredients to help it fight tooth decay and work at it for a longer duration. There is no two ways about oral hygiene being extremely important and more so when you have braces on. You need to strive really hard to keep your teeth; braces and mouth squeaky clean and stop the buildup of bacteria in them. Using all of these techniques you are bound to have teeth that are sparkling even with braces on. 15.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Things to Know Before Getting Dental Braces Is there one person in this world who does not want the best of smiles? A good smile is one that has all the teeth in a row and sparking white. All of us are not gifted with the best of teeth but with the help of braces you can go on to significantly straighten out your teeth. Braces are certainly going to be good for you but you need to ask a few relevant and pertinent questions before you go about with them. This will enable you to know what you are getting into. The first thing that you should ask your orthodontist is about the treatment and how long will it take. You will also want to find out the cost about the treatment for the braces so that you arent in for any unpleasant shocks mid-way through the treatment. Also, ask if you need braces for the top and the bottom row of teeth. This can further lower the cost for you. Furthermore, check the kind of braces that you will get. Will they be metal, ceramic or invisalign? This will decide on the cost. The average costs of braces come up to $5000. The next thing for you to do is to find out whether your insurance plan will cover the cost for the braces and how much of it. Go though the insurance policy that you have in order to find that out. Ask your orthodontist what you should expect at each stage of the braces treatment. This will allow you to know the exact duration, and outcomes so that you wont be disappointed or expect more than need be. When you are asking your orthodontist the questions ensure that you ask them about the care and precautions that you will have to take with your braces on. This will ensure that you are ready to make all the sacrifices needed in order to go ahead and eat the right kind of food. You will have to realize that you will have to give up smoking, all kinds of carbonated drinks and sticky sugary food. But all of this is certainly going to be worth it when you see your smile in the mirror and your teeth in a straight row. Also, you will be able to gain the kind of confidence like none other. You might also want to ask your orthodontist which braces will suit you the best. If your teeth are really crooked and need a whole lot of straightening work to be done on them then you need metallic braces. There are also the latest almost transparent invisalign braces. Ask the right kind of questions and get yourself for the most beautiful of smiles once your braces are off. When you go in for the next dental check up and are considering getting yourself braces then go on and ask these questions to your dentist to make the right decision. 16.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Teeth and Gums Care While Wearing Dental Braces The good thing about wearing braces is that you will be able to get your teeth in line and the smile that you deserve. However, the flip side to wearing braces is that you need to ensure that you maintain the best of hygiene in order to be able to keep your teeth and gums in top notch condition. There are several hard to reach areas in your mouth and they become all the more difficult once you have metals and wires in your mouth. Under that circumstance, what you need to do is to ensure that you clean your mouth multiple times in a day. This will make certain that you are able to avoid cavities and the multiplying of harmful bacteria in your mouth. The first thing that you need to ensure once you have the braces on is the dental hygiene and the time and effort that you devote to it. You dont want to be left with straight teeth but those full of carries. That will certainly serve no purpose for you. Invest in a braces cleaning kit. This will consist of different kinds of toothbrushes such as the angular headed ones that are able to reach the most hidden of nooks and crevices in your mouth. Also, you will need a special kind of toothpaste that is good at fighting tooth decay and works for a longer time. The onus of brushing and flossing your teeth regularly lies completely on you. Braces can be one of the hardest of appliances to brush because of the multitude of rubber bands, wires and metals on them. If you dont brush well enough then you can be left behind with the most ugly of stains on your teeth that will refuse to go away. Do not allow any particles of food to cling to your teeth. With vigilant and stringent brushing you will be able to remove them right away. Also, ensure that you gargle after every mouthful that you eat. This will ensure that you have no food particles and harmful bacteria left in your mouth. Another thing that you need to care about is the kind of food that you eat. There are chances of the braces breaking or the rubber bands losing their tension if the food that you eat is hard, crunchy and hard to bite. Therefore, the best thing is to avoid these kinds of food that can not only hamper with your braces treatment but also come in between the way you are able to maintain your teeth. Try and avoid a whole lot of uncooked food as they are not only tough but tend to harbor more bacteria on them. This will go on to gather more tartar and plaque. Acidic food and carbonated drinks will wear off the enamel off your teeth and leave permanent stains on them. Avoid these while you have braces on. All these techniques will ensure that you are able to keep your teeth sparklingly clean and tidy. 17.  Ã‚     Take Care of Your Braces To Get The Best Smile Once you have decided to get yourself braces the next thing that you should ensure for the optimum success of the treatment is that you take good care of them. Usually, a braces treatment lasts about two years and within those two years if you take care of your braces you will come out with a row of the pearliest white teeth. The two things that you need to keep in mind are that you need to be careful about the kind of food and drink that you choose and the maintenance of dental and gum hygiene. Once you are able to care for these two things you will be able to go about your natural activities and ensure that the braces last you throughout the treatment. Also, you will be able to get for yourself the best of smiles ever in the shortest of duration. The care that you take of the rubber bands, the metal wires and the overall braces bracket will ensure that they work really well for you. The best thing for you to do is to go ahead and brush your teeth in the right manner. With the help of the right brushing technique you will be able to brush your teeth in such a way that there is no build up of hidden food at all. Ask your orthodontist about the right way of brushing and flossing and they will be able to guide you about this. The mouth care regime should become one of your top most priorities once you have braces on. This will ensure that you are able to care for your teeth and gums and not have any cavities developing in them. The best thing about the braces is that the care for them is really simple and you need not invest in a whole lot of expensive material to do so. All that you need is a braces kit that consists of the right kind of toothbrushes, toothpastes and flossing material. The next thing that you need to ensure is what kind of food that you eat with the braces on. You need to avoid hard and sticky food as that is the thumb rule with braces on. Do not keep anything in your mouth such as pens, pencils and your fingers as well. avoid a whole lot of raw food such as apples and carrots as biting into them is difficult and might cause you problems. Do not have too many carbonated and acidic drinks as well as this will go on to wear off the enamel and make your teeth stain easily. Sticky food such as gum, sweets, food with a whole lot of sucrose and fructose in it, chips, popcorn and peanuts are best avoided when you have braces. With this minimal amount of care you will be just fine with your braces on. 18.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Color Ideas for Braces Gone are the days and times when wearing braces was considered to be the end of fashionable you. Rather, with the new age braces you can choose from the ample amount of different colors available and go on to make the best fashion statements possible. You will love the way you have so much of color variety. There are almost thirty or so colors that you can go on and choose from. The first thing that you should do is to find out from your orthodontist what the colors that they would recommend are. Ask for the color wheel at the orthodontist to get an idea of it. The dentist will be able to tell you about the different kind of hues and color tones that look good on teeth, your face, your personality and facial features. The usual colors that people usually reach out for dark shades such as blues, reds and maroons. The colors that you certainly need to keep away from are whites and yellows as they highlight the stains on your teeth and make them look yellowish. The colors that you can choose can be according to your affiliations. You can go on and choose the colors of your country, your school or the sports team that you love. You need not only pick one color. Rather you can go on to be as creative as possible. You can choose different colors for alternate teeth such as odd and even. You can also choose different colors for your upper and lower teeth. There are several color selectors online that can help you in your choice of colors. If you like Barbie doll and are a girl then you can pick pink. This is considered to be a real hot color for braces at the moment. In pink you can choose different shades such as hot pink and baby doll pink. All that you need to do is to let your imagination and creative side run wild. You can keep in mind the current festivals, celebrations and match the colors of your braces according to that. Another way of matching the color on your braces is with the help of the colors that are predominant in your wardrobe. You will love the way you can get the most worn color or a contrast to that color on to your braces. It is so much fun to choose the best of color braces and flaunt your color style on your teeth. You will love the way you are able to make a fashion statement with the help of your braces. You can choose the color combination of orange and black for Halloween or for Thanksgiving yellow and black. Go ahead and use your braces to add on the right kind of fun element. However, keep one thing in mind that the colors the way they will look on a color selector spectrum or on the color wheel might be slightly different in reality based on the colors, the materials used and how they reflect the light on your teeth. 19 Red White And Blue Invisible Braces a comprehensive view The most used colors for braces and therein the most popular as ones are bound to be red, white and blue. This is because they look really wonderful and ensure that your teeth will look the whitest. There are several patients who love to wear braces as it promises them teeth that are in a straight line. Teeth that are aligned well enough will make so much of a difference to the way you look. This will go on to affect your personal and professional life as well. However, people werent sure of wearing braces because of the way that they would make them look but with the new age color invisalign braces on, they have become more of a color co-ordinate fashion statement for the youth. In fact people who dont have braces have begun to wish that they did. The best of colors to choose from are red and blue. The reason being these dark colors reflect the light that falls on them really well making your teeth look brighter and whiter than what they are. On the other hand be careful when you use white for your braces. The reason behind this is that white stains easily and because of this you will have your teeth magnifying any stains on them, having a yellowish hue and tinge on them. What you can do in case of white braces is to brush your teeth stringently and change the color at your next visit to the orthodontist. The three colors red, white and blue are the perfect colors to use for invisible braces. It will go on to add the right color spark and at the same time help in straightening out your teeth. This will give you the right kind of cutting edge in your braces treatment. The invisalign braces are the latest in braces technology and it will help you to straighten out your teeth and minimize any gaps that exist between them. The new age innovative designs along with the best of colors will ensure that you are able to use the very best of technology to get the kind of teeth that you have always dreamed of. Even before the braces are of, long before that you will be able to go ahead and bare your teeth and smile at the world as the color braces will add the right zing to wearing braces. The red, blue colors will add the right kind of sparkle and color. if you dont want your braces to be noticeable then you can go for the invisible white color in your braces. You can remove them when you want to and every six to seven weeks at your next orthodontists visit you can go ahead and change the color. You will love the way the new age color braces can empower you. 20.  Ã‚     How to Prevent White Spots From Braces If you have been wearing braces for a long time and when you remove them, you might notice white spots on your teeth. These white spots can be for a multitude of reasons. But, now that your braces are off you do want to go ahead and remove them so that you have the well-aligned pearly set of teeth ever. The first thing for you to keep in mind is that these white spots are predominantly formed from the food that gets entrapped in between the wires and metal of the braces and the bacteria start to work on it. The first thing that you should ensure is the best of oral hygiene. Constant brushing and flossing of the teeth at regular intervals will ensure that the white spots are not there or minimalistic white spots are there once you remove your braces. Ensure that you use fluoridated toothpaste as that will ensure that there is no build up of bacteria on your teeth. Also, use a toothbrush with an angular head so that it is able to reach all the nooks and crevices of your teeth. As soon as you eat something you should go ahead and brush your teeth and if you cant do that then rinse your mouth with water. When you have your braces on avoid acidic food. This will wear off the enamel on your teeth and will go on to make your teeth look yellowish and stained. You need to avoid all kinds of sugary food such as candies, brownies, carbonated drinks, sticky food and the like if you want no spots to be left behind once your braces are off. Also, at the next visit to your orthodontist ask him if you need to take any other precautions in order to ensure that what is left behind after the braces treatment are teeth that are not only straight but sparkling and pearly white. Look at your tooth brush carefully and replace it often enough. The bristles on your toothbrush should be soft and reach the hardest to reach area in your mouth. What you need to do is to brush as often as possible and the moment you see your toothbrush showcasing signs of wear and tear then go ahead and replace it. Also, when you have your braces on go ahead and drink plenty of water after you have eaten. This is an easy way to dislodge any food particles that might be stuck in your mouth and in between teeth. If you must use a mouthwash then dont use the ones that are bought off the shelf. These contain alcohol that go on to dry your mouth and results in more problems. Make a mouthwash at home if you must using herbs such as mint. There can be nothing to replace regular brushing and flossing of your teeth if you want to have no stains on your teeth after the braces are removed. The one simple rule is that if you want to avoid white spots keep your teeth clean.

Examining The Online TOC Analysis Techniques Information Technology Essay

Examining The Online TOC Analysis Techniques Information Technology Essay The article talks about implementing automated online TOC analyses at different points of use, comparing it to off-line laboratory TOC analysis techniques in terms of cost, setup, implementation and operation. The article stresses on controlling the TOC quality attribute for the release of PW and WFI for product manufacturing processes. It also talks about effective regulatory compliance and validation, as well as effective management of water system. It talks separately about the issue of the TOC instrument, its response efficiency and system suitability and acceptability tests, as well as the water test in terms in light of the current USP, EP regulations. It then talks about implementing PAT initiatives with the use of sensors to automate release of water for the online TOC analysis, discussing different configurations setups. Background Currently in industry, the use of offline laboratory TOC analyzers is much more common as compared to online TOC analyzers. The industry feels no need to improve on existing systems or processes. Companies tend to focus on quick and easy validation rather than effective validation. Lab TOC analyzers are used for fulfilling regulatory requirements, QC approval of water TOC attribute. They are good for fulfilling USP and EP regulations, for dealing with many water loops, and for cleaning validation too. As companies are required to determine bacteria, endotoxins for different water use points by default, TOC samples have to be collected analyzed with laboratory TOC analyzers. At times, it is even difficult to do the System Suitability Test on online TOC analyzers for quality assurance demonstrating acceptable TOC analysis. The initial capital cost for implementing automated online TOC system for water release can be expensive, and if the system is not well understood, that can cause a lot of additional problems and expenses. These are some of the reasons why many companies refuse to convert to on-line TOC analysis for water release. For passing the TOC attribute test to send the water for manufacturing processes, both the water being tested and the analyzer suitability, acceptability criteria must be fulfilled. The System Suitability Testing is not explained by USP or EP. The System Suitability testing frequency is determined by user, and the factors for determining it are the water used between SS testing, costs of SS testing, reliability of analyzer to pass the test and internal risk assessment of product produced. The suitability of TOC Analyzers is determined by three solutions: a blank, sucrose at 0.5mg.C/L and 1,4 benzoquinone at 0.5mg.C/L. Using these pieces of information, the response efficiency can be calculated. If the TOC analyzer response is greater than 85% and less than 115%, the analyzer has passed the test. The regulatory requirements for the water to pass are if its concentration is less than the concentration of sucrose subtracted from the blank. The system suitability test compares the recovery of the analyzer for an easy-to-oxidize sucrose and a hard-to-oxidize (1,4 benzoquinone) standard. The relationship of the independent recoveries must be periodically demonstrated and fall within specified limits.3 In addition to the required system suitability test, an on-line instrument will require periodic calibration and verification. For acceptable water test results acceptability, so it can be sent for the manufacturing processes; the suitability and acceptability of the analyzer must be demonstrated both before (initial suitability test) and after water testing (final suitability test). This is where a lot of failures can occur in both the offline and online TOC analyzer systems. But in the case of online TOC analyzer systems, once the process and its sources of variations are understood properly, there is a very minimal chance that the system suitability tests will fail. Discussion Some of the advantages automated on-line TOC analysis systems have over off-line laboratory TOC analysis systems are elimination of manual sampling errors. Sampling is the area where most errors take place in Analysis. TOC analyses before sending the water for manufacturing processes is extremely sensitive. It is imperative to have extremely accurate analysis for the measurements of TOC in the water, as it will have a huge impact on the processes since water is used everywhere in the form of critical utilities. It is important that there are essentially no inaccuracies in its measurements. The on-line TOC analysis if implemented correctly can do that, but an off-line laboratory TOC analyzer cannot. The other advantage that an on-line TOC analyzer has over an off-line is that it results in process automation, which results in less utilization of company resources that can be deployed elsewhere, as well as decreasing the operating costs. Online analyzers are also better for repetitive, routine TOC testing requirements. In the past, pharmaceutical companies used to rely on lab TOC analyzers to meet USP, EP or JP requirements for PW and WFI release. However, by implementing an approach centered round the use of PAT initiatives, as well as a real-time release program using an on-line TOC analyzer, companies are realizing the benefits of reduced cost, reduced waste and improved consistency of quality production. On-line TOC analyzers allow re-focusing of lab resources to other more critical quality control and product development activities, while maintaining better regulatory compliance The critical factors for implementing on-line TOC are regulatory expectations, reliability, analytical performance, ease of use and elimination of manual errors. By using online TOC analyzers instead of offline laboratory TOC analyzers, we are removing the most common source of error in chemical analysis, which greatly helps us increase the analytical performance of the online TOC analyzer, increase the ease of use, and eliminate manual errors from the system. By using a dual (2) on-line analyzers in a single loop, we are increasing the robustness and reliability of the online TOC analysis system. Payback on investment is also achieved in 1 years time. This is discussed later in the paper in more depth. To understand how to implement the automated online TOC analyzer system for the release of water successfully and effectively, we have to understand the sources of variation for TOC quality attributes, as well the critical parameters and quality attributes, the manufacturing process itself, and learn how to control all of these as well as the in-process water coming from the source raw water feed. This fits in perfectly with the PAT initiative that quality must be built into a system or a process rather than tested into it, as well as understanding and effectively controlling the process, by analyzing and controlling it through timely measurements of critical quality and performance attributes of its source feeds. All of this will lead to a better controlled, effective and optimized design of the system or process, and this will in turn result in the superior products. If one takes out drug product and raw materials from the context of the definition of the PAT and replaces it with water (PW or WFI), the idea of PAT can be used to on effectively implementing an automated online TOC analysis system that will result in the same advantages. Using the PAT initiatives for automated online TOC analysis for water release can also greatly help in the regulatory requirements that need to be fulfilled as well. The concept of PAT also encourages scientific, risk-managed pharmaceutical development, quality assurance. Less rejects, reprocessing improves the efficiency of the process, which in turn increases capacity. As WFI water is extremely expensive and is the most common excipient, and ingredient in drug manufacturing; the company must make sure that not a lot of it is rejected before the manufacturing process and/or wasted, and/or is reprocessed instead of being wasted. This also perfectly aligns to the PAT initiatives. The PAT concept encourages the company to manage variability instead of rejecting it. Some of the sources of variability in online TOC analysis systems are: a) source water or raw water feed. This has a huge effect on the final TOC. b) PW WFI storage tanks c) Distillation units: PW is supplied to it to produce WFI. TOC can leak into WFI if main distillation unit develops heat exchanger leak depending on TOC quality. The PAT requirements for water release system are understanding of TOC or conductivity removal/addition processes and the sources of conductivity/TOC. The determination of critical TOC and conductivity control points, implementation of TOC and conductivity analyzers, as well as requirements for the control system is part of the PAT initiative. There also needs to be a control element (manual or automatic) for water release. In implementing the PAT initiative, the component of real time release includes assessed material attributes and process controls. Combined process measurements and test data gathered during manufacturing process is used for real time release for final release of product, and this demonstrates compliance with regulatory quality attributes. Online TOCs analyzers measure TOC representing a specific point of use. So the acceptability of on-line TOC analyzers for TOC attributes testing depends on its location in system. Instrument responses at a point of locations should reflect quality of water used at that point. For on-line TOC analyzers, the value of TOC with released water depends on the time interval between consecutive SS Tests. SS tests should take place continually as long time intervals between consecutive SS tests results in failure (Out of Specification results). The online TOC analyzers can be set up in different ways and configurations for testing the water TOC. It is important to set up the equipment correctly and calibrate it, because it is part of the Installation Qualification (IQ). If the IQ is not done correctly, it will result in the failing of the System Suitability test and acceptability test for water and/or on-line analyzer, which means a failed Operational Qualification (OQ). Equipment can be installed and operational, but the final steps to release the water to production may not be implemented. This results in the failure of the Performance Qualification (PQ) for that system, because the wrong IQ and OQ took place. The cheapest way for an online TOC analysis is using a single online TOC analyzer on the exit of the distribution loop just before return to the storage tank, and the laboratory TOC analyzer is the backup to the online TOC system. Unfortunately, this method is also the least robust, because if this one online TOC analyzer does not pass the system suitability test, the process will lose its automation. However, if the same analytical measuring technology is used for both analyzers, the potential instrument response variances between the two analyzers is eliminated, which means the off-line laboratory TOC analyzer can be used to determine at which point of use the online TOC analyzer went wrong, by comparing the TOC analysis values of the online and offline TOC analyzers. Comparing the two readings from the analyzer can also be used to fulfill the Performance Qualification (PQ) requirements. But this would require very frequent sampling on the lab TOC analyzer, there is a chance that the exact point and time of failure, where the on-line TOC failed the SS test cannot be determined effectively. The most robust and reliable method is using dual on-line TOC analysis system. To achieve this kind of setup, two on-line TOC analyzers must be installed onto a single distribution loop. If one of the TOC fails the SS test when it is releasing the water; and if it can be proven that the 2 TOC analyzers on the distribution line are measuring the same water: the other TOC analyzer will serve as a backup and make sure that the TOC analysis and the release of the water is still automated. There is very less likelihood that both TOC analyzers fail the SS test at the same time. A laboratory off-line TOC can also be used again for PQ purposes. But it is imperative that both the analyzers are measuring the same water and its TOC for one to be used as a backup for the other. If it is not, there is a chance that unacceptable is being released for manufacturing processes. As mentioned in the paper before, as the testing of its TOC critical attributes depends on the point of use, the TOC(s) can be used in any kind of arrangement to serve different purposes, such as ensure the various components in the loop (such as the Distillation or other water purification systems) are working correctly or not. The diagram below the PW feed going into the line, and the WFI feed coming out from the distillation unit. One TOC analyzer is connected to the PW feed line, the other one is connected to the WFI feed line. Comparing the readings from both these TOC analyzers can tell whether the distillation unit is working correctly or not. There might be a risk that the distillation unit or distribution loop is adding TOC to the water as a result of system failure, which means that the backup TOC is not fulfilling its purpose. The whole point of using an on-line TOC analysis system over an off-line lab TOC analyzer is for the purpose of the recirculation of the PW or WFI. If the water is needed for a specific point of use in an off-line lab analyzer, the water will be manually taken and sampled on the off-line TOC analyzer. If that sample fails, essentially the whole stream of water most probably fails too. If the off-line lab analyzer fails or the water test fails, all that water which is very expensive will go to waste, and will not be recirculated. In the online TOC analyzer system, once it has been figured out where (at which point[s] of use, if it is being added) TOC is being added to the water; that is remedied. When that has been resolved, all the sources of variability have been identified; all the components are installed and functioning correctly, the water can be recirculated over and over, making this a continuous automated process. The storage tank will always be filled because when the water is being distributed from the storage tank to various points of use, the WFI feed coming out the distillation unit will always be filling up the lost water. Implementing the PAT initiative into the automated online TOC analysis also means implementation of automated real time TOC release systems, computer, data acquisition, process sensors, process equipment process analytical instrumentation integrated into a comprehensive management system. The comprehensive management system ensures continual operation process within prescribed limits to ensure quality. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Systems (SCADA), distributed control systems (DCS), Facility Monitoring Systems (FMS), Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) and Man-Machine Interfaces (MMI) are other tools that can be used as well. PAT guidance documents aid operation, control, monitoring water systems integrating automation, sensory data, feedback mechanisms with target to implement PAT online instrumentation for automatic formal QC water release to production. Proven technology allows for the automation of standards introduction and data management. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is one such technology, and standards can be loaded into the TOC analyzer and processed automatically to produce results. The figure below shows an automated standards introduction system in an on-line TOC analyzer: RFID is a well known technology that is currently used in the pharmaceutical industry as a preventative measure against counterfeiting. It uses an RFID tag that comprises of a microchip, substrate and an antenna) and a reader/writer. The RFID tag is programmed with all the data related to a specific standard, including the contents of the bottle, certified concentration, lot number and expiration date. Once the RFID tag aligns with the reader/writer, the data is automatically transferred to the analyzer. There is no need for any manual input here. The only thing someone has to do is simplified through an easy to use and understand touch-screen man-machine interface (MMI) Problems can arise in online TOC analysis system if contaminants enter the water systems that are harmful for the system operating. Even though current water system technology produces very consistent and reliable results, excursions can occur. Excursions are discrepancies from normal water system operating conditions. When an excursion occurs, that means that quality of water produced is questionable. If there is excursion in the system, it is a good idea to obtain a sample of water from the system on which an independent analysis can be done. Analysis of the water sample can provide information about why the excursion occurred, and that would help in rectifying the problem of excursion. Some TOC analyzers use methods to separate compounds that are not expected to come in contact with process water from the analysis. Reverse osmosis (RO) membranes are susceptible to damage from chorines and chloramine by-products in disinfection process. If chlorine or any of its biproducts cracks into the water system or even has a small presence of it; that means that the system has failed. If a TOC analyzer is designed to separate these compounds from the analysis, it will only hide the problem and will not rectify it in any way. TOC analyzers designed to respond to contamination by the presence of these compounds in the process water, by capturing a sample of water; but only if that sample is equipped with excursion monitoring capability. This helps the water system engineer to identify the problem and rectify it. A TOC analyzer equipped with an OASISà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ may be configured for excursion monitoring. Excursion monitoring is defined as the ability to extract and save a sa mple of water from process water right after a pre-programmed water condition such as such as high TOC levels, water conductivity with regard to USP limits, water chemistries deemed wrong by analyzer and his analysis, have been implemented. Using this technology, problems with process water can be identified well before limits have been exceeded, with ability to program a specific TOC level that must be exceeded for excursion capture. In case of the identification of an excursion in the process water, the analyzer will immediately capture a sample of water directly from the water system and place it in an empty bottle, equipped with an RFID tag that has been loaded into the analyzer. Upon sample capture, all the data associated with the excursion is recorded on the RFID tag using the writing capability of the RFID reader/writer. The integration of the RFID with excursion monitoring enables that the data associated with captured excursion water is protected and cannot be changed. A lab equipped with the appropriate RFID reading capability, has the ability to read the tag and associate the data with the water sample, such as the serial number of the analyzer, date, time, last TOC, conductivity and temperature values. Beca use of this type of analysis for the process water, better understanding for the reasons for the cause of the excursion can be identified. As the excursion capture is initiated by the TOC analyzer results, the sample is as indicative of the water condition as possible. The PAT enables application of risk-based approaches to enhance quality of a process. By applying excursion monitoring capability, risks associated with producing off-spec water is greatly reduced. The TOC analyzer becomes a water system diagnostic tool, rather than just a regulatory sensor to monitor TOC limits. Summary In the past, pharmaceutical companies used to rely on lab TOC analyzers to meet USP, EP or JP requirements for PW and WFI release. However, by implementing an approach centered round the use of PAT initiatives, as well as a real-time release program using an on-line TOC analyzer, companies are realizing the benefits of reduced cost, reduced waste and improved consistency of quality production. On-line TOC analyzers allow re-focusing of lab resources to other more critical quality control and product development activities, while maintaining better regulatory compliance. This conversion of approach from a simple reproduction to a more risk based approach which reduces variability (instead of rejecting it) enables the implementation of new technologies and more cost effective measures, which in turn results in more efficient and effective processes and higher quality products. With the advent of the Process Analytical Technology (PAT) Quality by Design (QbD) approaches, the desire is to evolve pharmaceutical processes from an art to a science with engineering-based activity, application of enhanced science and engineering knowledge in regulatory decision-making, establishment of specifications and evolution of manufacturing processes. With the advent of new technologies such as RFID and MMI, the automated process has been simplified, been made more effective. With excursion monitoring, a TOC analyzer becomes more than just a TOC sensor for regulatory purposes. It becomes a tool that minimizes the risk of falling out of specification. Implementing new technologies through PAT allows the addition of true value wherever traditional regulatory compliance is required. I believe there is a lot to be learned and implemented on this topic in industry. I found the topic highly important and of high learning. I hope to work in a pharmaceutical company that can implement such initiatives in water systems.