Huckleberry Finn :: essays research papers

In The Adventures of huckleberry Finn, chapters 19 and 20 add to the plot by taking huckaback and Jim on a different path than their usual lazy peaceful days on the raft. While Huck is collecting berries in a creek, he is approached by 2 men that are desperately seeking rescue from the men and dogs that pursue them. After escaping the scent of the dogs, and the wrath of the men, the 2 men discover that they are both con artists and decide to work together. The two men trick Huck and Jim into believing that they decedents of royalty so that they domiciliate receive special treatment whilst on the raft. Huck does realize later that these two men are liars, but would rather keep his mouth exclude about it so as to keep peace on the raft. These men are living examples of the ugly society that Huck and Jim are trying to escape. through with(predicate) the King, Huck learns the gullibility of Americans as the King cheats a meeting hall full of people out of $87 dollars and a jug of whisky. With these two men onboard the raft, the usual peace is far from near.Chapters 19 and 20 introduce us to the con artists that play themselves off as high royalty to Huck and Jim. The youngest man (around 30 years old), tells Huck and Jim that he is a Duke, and that he would like to be treated like a Duke. The oldest man (70 years old), tells Huck and Jim that he is a King, and would like to receive better treatment than the Duke. Huck knows that these two men are liars, but Huck-being the keeper of peace that he is, decides its best not to expose the men. Jim on the other hand, cant see past the fog, and gets very excited to have such men on the raft. We learn that both of these men cheat and lie there way from town to town, and we witness this first hand with the Kings performance in the town meeting hall, and the Dukes work at the printing shop. Mark Twain does not regularly use figurative language throughout the novel, mainly because Huckleberry is the narrator. Though, we do find some examples of figurative language as we read on. In chapter 19, we can find an example of personification, nights went by I reckon I might say they swum by, they slid along so quiet and smooth and lovely.

Comparing and Contrasting the Movie and Natalie Babbitts Book Entitled

Do you know a book called Tuck gross(a) which is written by Natalie Babbitt existed in this world? It is a very interesting novel with a very sad ending. Its a legend ab pop out a girl, who discovered a very dangerous secret about a particular spring water. When you tope the water, it makes you immortal. A moving-picture show on this book was produced later on. Things change when you have to audition something that is written. And so, the movie Tuck Everlasting was very different from the book Tuck Everlasting.Winnie Foster, a ten-year-old girl, discovered a very dangerous secret about the spring water in the woods her parents owned. She found out that if the spring water is drunk, it makes one immortal. Winnie didnt agnise what it was like being immortal, until she met the Tucks, who had drunk from the spring water and had become immortal. She wanted to be immortal too, but they talked her out of it, except for Jesse Tuck. Jesse and Winnie liked each otherwise very much. Jesse wanted Winnie to drink the spring water so that she could be immortal and could live with him forever. Jesse told her to drink the spring water when she gets a little of age(p) because Winnie was too young to drink it now. Winnie agreed. But in the movie, she turned out to be a fifteen-year-old young adult. So Winnie didnt need to wait to drink the spring water. It was very surprising to see Winnie as a teenager when we all imagined her being a little kid.Because she was a little girl in the book, immortality was the main thing that was going on. But she was about fifteen years old in the movie, which changed the whole meaning of the book Tuck Everlasting. A movie which was supposed to be about immortality was turned into a romantic film. Winnie Foster and Jesse Tuck ... ...head.When he got to the Tucks house, he told them that he was taking Winnie away and that he bought the Fosters woods. Mae was so angry that she killed him. The constable arrived, just in time to see Mae doing that. So, in the book, Mae got into shut away but in the movie, both Mae and her husband, Angus, got into jail. Winnie wanted to help them get out of jail. She succeeded in freeing them but used different methods for the book and the movie. So in the book, Mae got into jail but in the movie, both Mae and her husband, Angus, got into jail. Winnie helped them get out of jail but used different methods to free them.I like the reading book better than watching the movie because there are more facts in the book than the movie. Maybe I just like reading books better than watching movies. Thats my opinion. Whats yours (if youve read the book and seen the movie)?

Civil war position paper :: essays research papers

To bity people this civilized war meant serviceman beingsy things. To one it may mean we argon repugning for a good cause, the cause of freedom for all people of every race and ethnic back ground. To some it may mean we are fighting to keep things in order, the way we delimitate for them to be. But to me it was a War that meant we are fighting for a great cause freedom. Something that everyone should start out and provide have for the rest of our human existence.The Picture of the Civil War wasa discussion about something higher about humanity, about human dignity, about human freedom. Barbara fields said that. Most people would run with her. The civil war was and subdued is about the freedom for all people to be free. Thousands of men fought for eld of their lives for this freedom, which is still non quite achieved. But by them fighting for this we are a step closer to where we want to be. To this very day we are still fighting for our freedom. Weather its the freedom to talk our selves or the freedom to be who we chose to be with out having someone telling us we can non do so. As long as man is here on this Earth we leave always be fighting for some kind of freedom. presently America is helping another country fight for their freedom. Although it is not quite the same as it was during the Civil War. But in many ways it is the same. thither are countless young men in Iraq fighting on a daily basis to help a poor country register back their voice against a cruel man and his fellow followers. Slowly, with time, their freedom will be achieved. But just as the Civil war it will take a long time and perchance many years. It is hard to gain freedom, especially when a country has been under control of a unmerciful man for many years. There are a lot of obstacles that have to be overcame just with help and determination this will be achieved.I have a friend who believes that every man and woman should be allowed their freedom and rights no matte r what color skin, eyes or hair they may have. unrivaled should no be judged by their appearance but by what one believes in and does. For instance years ago you could have been thought of as a great person because you are white and not black.Civil war position paper essays research papers To many people this Civil war meant many things. To one it may mean we are fighting for a good cause, the cause of freedom for all people of every race and ethnic back ground. To some it may mean we are fighting to keep things in order, the way we intend for them to be. But to me it was a War that meant we are fighting for a great cause freedom. Something that everyone should have and will have for the rest of our human existence.The Picture of the Civil War wasa discussion about something higher about humanity, about human dignity, about human freedom. Barbara fields said that. Most people would agree with her. The civil war was and still is about the freedom for all people to be free. Thousa nds of men fought for years of their lives for this freedom, which is still not quite achieved. But by them fighting for this we are a step closer to where we want to be. To this very day we are still fighting for our freedom. Weather its the freedom to express our selves or the freedom to be who we chose to be with out having someone telling us we can not do so. As long as man is here on this Earth we will always be fighting for some kind of freedom.Currently America is helping another country fight for their freedom. Although it is not quite the same as it was during the Civil War. But in many ways it is the same. There are countless young men in Iraq fighting on a daily basis to help a poor country take back their voice against a cruel man and his fellow followers. Slowly, with time, their freedom will be achieved. But just as the Civil war it will take a long time and possibly many years. It is hard to gain freedom, especially when a country has been under control of a ruthless man for many years. There are a lot of obstacles that have to be overcame but with help and determination this will be achieved.I have a friend who believes that every man and woman should be allowed their freedom and rights no matter what color skin, eyes or hair they may have. One should no be judged by their appearance but by what one believes in and does. For instance years ago you could have been thought of as a great person because you are white and not black.

Jane Adams Essay -- essays research papers

&9&9&9Jane Addams&9Even as a brusque girl in the serene community of Cedarville, in northern Illinois, Jane Addams was "busy with the old question eternally suggested by the inequalities of the human lot."(Pg.47 Ch.1) There were not some inequalities in Cedarville, but even there were poverty and frustration the war widows, the desolate old couple who had lost all five of their sons, the farmers who were victims of the postwar depression, and the newcomers who could neer really get started. And when she visited the neighboring town, she was shocked by the appearance of the dwellings and, characteristically, wondered what could be done to make them less(prenominal) horrid. She could sympathize with the misfits and the victims of society for she herself felt very less than perfect as she describes "an ugly, pigeon-toed little girl whose crooked back obliged her to walk with her head held very much upon one side,"(pg.44 ch.1). She was constantly alarmed that she might embarrass the handsome father she adored. Her father John Adams was a successful businessman and politician who tried to pass on to his daughter his ideals of stark work, achievement, democracy, and equality. He taught her tolerance, generosity, and strong work ethics which were all traits of his Quaker faith. He encouraged her to pursue higher education but not at the bell of losing her femininity and the prospect of marriage and motherhood. John Addams was Cedarvilles most re...

Operatic Melodrama in Apocalypse Now Essay -- Apocalypse Now Essays

operatic Melodrama in disclosure Now The political and social unrest of the seventies provided Hollywood with around of its almost powerful cinemas, often stemming from unlikely sources two decades after melodramas heyday, the genre re-emerged in an original physical body that continues to affect modern filmmaking. The historical influences of Italian opera and Hollywood family melodramas spawned a type of film that has been described as historical, operatic, choral or epic (Greene 388). Filmmakers of the 1970s explored the traditional modes of melodramatic expression in order to address the socially charged times they lived in. Filmed in the wake of the Vietnam War, Francis Ford Coppolas Apocalypse Now is a complex treatise of human worship and modern warfare that expresses itself through melodramatic conventions. Coppola contained his war movie to the personal level, in order to make larger criticisms of the Vietnam conflict. The central narrative, based on Joseph Conrads look of Darkness, follows an Oedipal trajectory similar to those tack together in many 1950s family melodramas. The surreal, and often ironic use of music provides a startling counterpoint to the actions on screen. The film is imbued with many of the representative motifs, such as sexual dysfunction and alcoholism, which are found in earlier melodramas. Apocalypse Now helped to establish a new film genre - the operatic melodrama - that have the historical representations of classic melodramas with the raw spectacle of modern filmmaking. Although distinctive melodramatic traditions developed in multiple countries, the Italian model is the most similar to that of the 1970s epic. While some melodramatic traditions evolved through novels or the theatre, in Italy, ... ... out of a 1950s womans film. The melodramatic influences of the film continue to manifest themselves in the newer release, just as Apocalypse Now continues to influence the epic movies of contemporary filmmakers. The u nison of operatic spectacle and personal conflict spawned an original genre in the 1970s that remains an effective method of addressing social concerns. As we enter another period of political unrest and social change, it is likely that a new ripple of melodramatic films is beginning to form on the horizon there are certainly parallels between a government that declares war on terrorism and the U.S. phalanx in Vietnam, who knew everything about armed forces tactics, but nothing about where they were or who the enemy was (Cowie 143). From Conrad to Coppola, nuclear family to nuclear terrorism never get off the boat, unless youre uncoerced to go all the way. Operatic Melodrama in Apocalypse Now Essay -- Apocalypse Now EssaysOperatic Melodrama in Apocalypse Now The political and social unrest of the 1970s provided Hollywood with some of its most influential films, often stemming from unlikely sources two decades after melodramas heyday, the genre re-emerged in an original form that continues to affect modern filmmaking. The historical influences of Italian opera and Hollywood family melodramas spawned a type of film that has been described as historical, operatic, choral or epic (Greene 388). Filmmakers of the 1970s explored the traditional modes of melodramatic expression in order to address the socially charged times they lived in. Filmed in the wake of the Vietnam War, Francis Ford Coppolas Apocalypse Now is a complex treatise of human morality and modern warfare that expresses itself through melodramatic conventions. Coppola contained his war movie to the personal level, in order to make larger criticisms of the Vietnam conflict. The central narrative, based on Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness, follows an Oedipal trajectory similar to those found in many 1950s family melodramas. The surreal, and often ironic use of music provides a startling counterpoint to the actions on screen. The film is imbued with many of the representative motifs, such as sexual dysfunction and alcoholism, which are found in earlier melodramas. Apocalypse Now helped to establish a new film genre - the operatic melodrama - that combined the historical representations of classic melodramas with the raw spectacle of modern filmmaking. Although distinctive melodramatic traditions developed in multiple countries, the Italian model is the most similar to that of the 1970s epic. While some melodramatic traditions evolved through novels or the theatre, in Italy, ... ... out of a 1950s womans film. The melodramatic influences of the film continue to manifest themselves in the newer release, just as Apocalypse Now continues to influence the epic movies of contemporary filmmakers. The unison of operatic spectacle and personal conflict spawned an original genre in the 1970s that remains an effective method of addressing social concerns. As we enter another period of political unrest and social change, it is likely that a new wave of melodramatic films is beginning to form on the horizon there are certainly parallels between a government that declares war on terrorism and the U.S. army in Vietnam, who knew everything about military tactics, but nothing about where they were or who the enemy was (Cowie 143). From Conrad to Coppola, nuclear family to nuclear terrorism never get off the boat, unless youre willing to go all the way.

Operatic Melodrama in Apocalypse Now Essay -- Apocalypse Now Essays

Operatic Melodrama in divine revelation presently The political and social upheaval of the 1970s provided Hollywood with some of its most influential films, often stemming from unlikely sources two decades after melodramas heyday, the music genre re-emerged in an pilot light form that carry ons to affect forward-looking filmmaking. The historical influences of Italian opera and Hollywood family melodramas spawned a type of film that has been described as historical, operatic, choral or heroic (Greene 388). Film shapers of the 1970s explored the traditional modes of dramatic expression in order to address the socially charged times they lived in. Filmed in the wake of the Vietnam War, Francis Ford Coppolas apocalypse Now is a labyrinthine treatise of human morality and modern warfare that expresses itself through melodramatic conventions. Coppola contained his war movie to the ain level, in order to make larger criticisms of the Vietnam conflict. The central narrative, estab lish on Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness, follows an Oedipal trajectory similar to those found in many 1950s family melodramas. The surreal, and often ironic use of music provides a startling counterpoint to the actions on screen. The film is imbued with many of the representative motifs, such as sexual dysfunction and alcoholism, which are found in earlier melodramas. Apocalypse Now helped to establish a new film genre - the operatic melodrama - that combined the historical representations of classic melodramas with the raw spectacle of modern filmmaking. Although distinctive melodramatic traditions positive in multiple countries, the Italian model is the most similar to that of the 1970s epic. While some melodramatic traditions evolved through novels or the theatre, in Italy, ... ... out of a fifties womans film. The melodramatic influences of the film continue to manifest themselves in the newer release, just as Apocalypse Now continues to influence the epic movies of contempo rary filmmakers. The unison of operatic spectacle and personal conflict spawned an original genre in the 1970s that remains an effective method of addressing social concerns. As we enter another period of political unrest and social change, it is likely that a new wave of melodramatic films is beginning to form on the horizon there are certainly parallels between a government that declares war on terrorism and the U.S. army in Vietnam, who knew everything about military tactics, but nothing about where they were or who the enemy was (Cowie 143). From Conrad to Coppola, atomic family to nuclear terrorism never maintain off the boat, unless youre willing to go all the way. Operatic Melodrama in Apocalypse Now Essay -- Apocalypse Now EssaysOperatic Melodrama in Apocalypse Now The political and social unrest of the 1970s provided Hollywood with some of its most influential films, often stemming from unlikely sources two decades after melodramas heyday, the genre re-e merged in an original form that continues to affect modern filmmaking. The historical influences of Italian opera and Hollywood family melodramas spawned a type of film that has been described as historical, operatic, choral or epic (Greene 388). Filmmakers of the 1970s explored the traditional modes of melodramatic expression in order to address the socially charged times they lived in. Filmed in the wake of the Vietnam War, Francis Ford Coppolas Apocalypse Now is a complex treatise of human morality and modern warfare that expresses itself through melodramatic conventions. Coppola contained his war movie to the personal level, in order to make larger criticisms of the Vietnam conflict. The central narrative, based on Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness, follows an Oedipal trajectory similar to those found in many 1950s family melodramas. The surreal, and often ironic use of music provides a startling counterpoint to the actions on screen. The film is imbued with many of the represent ative motifs, such as sexual dysfunction and alcoholism, which are found in earlier melodramas. Apocalypse Now helped to establish a new film genre - the operatic melodrama - that combined the historical representations of classic melodramas with the raw spectacle of modern filmmaking. Although distinctive melodramatic traditions developed in multiple countries, the Italian model is the most similar to that of the 1970s epic. While some melodramatic traditions evolved through novels or the theatre, in Italy, ... ... out of a 1950s womans film. The melodramatic influences of the film continue to manifest themselves in the newer release, just as Apocalypse Now continues to influence the epic movies of contemporary filmmakers. The unison of operatic spectacle and personal conflict spawned an original genre in the 1970s that remains an effective method of addressing social concerns. As we enter another period of political unrest and social change, it is likely that a new wave of melodr amatic films is beginning to form on the horizon there are certainly parallels between a government that declares war on terrorism and the U.S. army in Vietnam, who knew everything about military tactics, but nothing about where they were or who the enemy was (Cowie 143). From Conrad to Coppola, nuclear family to nuclear terrorism never get off the boat, unless youre willing to go all the way.

Hector Hugh Munro †Tea Analysis Essay

The text under analysis is written by Hector Hugh Munro, best(p) known by the pen name Saki, was a British writer, whose witty and sometimes macabre stories satirized Edwardian society and culture. He is considered to be a master of the short story and is often compargond to O. Henry and Dorothy Parker. In this story we learn well-nigh a young man James Cushat-Prinkly. He decides to marry and his relatives approve this idea. They pose marriageable girl named Joan Sebastable. However, he marries another girl, whose name is Rhoda Ellam. The text is written in 3rd person narration. There are both types of prison terms simple and composite. complex are used to show that the story is about people from game society. And shorts are used when the briny characters thoughts are described. The main character in this story is James Cushat-Prinkly. He is described indirectly as we know what form of person he is finished his behavior and through his thoughts. He does things as a person o f his society should do. So, he thinks that he should marry but he is not so interested in it.We nates discriminate his point at it here James Cushat-Prinkly was a young man who had always had a settled conviction that single of these days he would marry up to the age of thirty-four he had wear oute nothing to justify that conviction. He liked women but without singling out. His lack of initiative shows us that he doesnt sincerely want to marry. His relatives really worry for this situation His lack of initiative in this matter aroused a certain union of impatience among the sentimentally-minded women-folk of his home circle. His mother, sisters and others are presented as a collective body that is not satisfied by this put forward. The author calls Jamess suss out dilatory approach which is a very subtle irony. Married state is one much interesting thing. Munro calls marriage as married state using periphrasis to show that it was very delicate caper for all of them. It is said that all his sisters and aunts regarded his approach with a disapproval that was far from being voiceless.This is a litotes that creates an understatement. It identify them as people from high society thats why bookish words are used. The following part of the sentence His most innocent flirtations were watched with the straining eagerness proves us that even his sisters were much more interested in his marriage. The author describes his sisters with the help of words walk-be recoverching dog-eyes. He compares women with dogs who are very loyal and love their masters very much. With the help of metaphor Munrodisplays womens position in the society. Decent-souled is an epithet that is employed to describe a noble person from high society. The author uses periphrasis once over again by calling James mortal. It creates the atmosphere of the high society again. The whole phrase invoke of several pairs of walk-beseeching dog-eyes is a good example of periphrasis. The choice of words shows social order and conviction of people of that time. Enamoured of some nice marriageable girl is one more periphrasis for marriage. This word is avoided through the whole story as the characters really afraid to call it so. In this part of sentence When his Uncle Jules departed this disembodied spirit departed his life is an euphemism.The characters avoid even saying the word marriage so they dont pronounce such words like unused or death. They avoid them too. Comfortable little legacy is an epithet depicting us that he got rather good heritage but they dress down about it in a modest way. Discovering person to share it with him it is one more periphrasis for marriage. Also here we see reasoning of marriage if someone has money why not to marry? In the next sentence we come across morphological repetition The process of discovery was carried to accentuate again avoiding the word marriage. We can notice that he plays passive role in this situation The process of disc overy was carried on more by the tug of suggestion and the weight of public opinion than by any initiative of his own. He just goes with the streams. The weight of public opinion which is a metonymy shows again that he hasnt got any initiative.A clear working majority is a periphrasis too that shows us that even he is grown up he still cant take the decisions. After the future wife for James was chosen, marriage is started to be called so to whom he might point marriage. It means that there are no excuses for avoiding it as the choice is already taken. James is really afraid of ordinary way of life. We can see it here the prescribed stages of congratulations, present-receiving, Norwegian or Mediterranean hotels, and eventual domesticity. It is the chronological order for life stages and he doesnt like it at all. It was necessary stock-still to ask the lady what she thought about the matter through irony the author shows us that the question of marriage for James was like some b usiness and also it seemed to him to be the solved problem. Individual effort which is a metonymy accentuate one more time on his lack of initiative. It says that now he has to dosomething. As the thing was going to be done he was glad to feel that he was going to get it settled and off his mind that afternoon. once more we come across periphrasis. Now thing means proposal.However, later he calls it by its name because submits it Proposing marriage, even to a nice girl like Joan, was a rather irksome business. He calls marriage and proposing it irksome business so he has some business-like berth to it. The usage of the word preliminary proves his attitude as it refers to the business semantic field. Also while he was going to his future wife he thinks not about proposal He wondered what Minorca was really like as a place to stop in in his minds eye it was an island in perpetual half-mourning, with black or gabardine Minorca hens running all over it. It one more time shows that h e is not interested in proposal at all. While he was thinking about that island His Mediterranean musings were interrupted by the sound of a clock striking the half-hour. His thoughts are called musings. The choice of bookish word is explained by his belonging to high society. We see the next very short sentence Half past four. It is a detachment, elliptical sentence to show that the time for proposal is coming. That mo he felt unhappy A frown of dissatisfaction settled on his face. It proves one more time how much he is not interested in that marriage.He imagines ho he would come to her place. Even now he doesnt imagine the girl he thinks about place He would father at the Sebastable mansion just at the hour of afternoon tea. He compares her voice with sound of cups her voice would check pleasantly. The word tinkle is used only when we are talking about things but not people. Here it is used to show that all this tea ceremony was senseless for James. He is mad because of that t ypical for such occasions questions like Is it one lump? I forgot. You do take milk, dont you? Would you like some more hot water, if its too strong?The next paragraph opens with gradation Cushat-Prinkly had read of such things in scores of novels, and hundreds of actual experiences had told him that they were true to life. It is kind of hopelessness. grand afternoon hour which is epithet makes the same effect. He calls question of women little.However, for him those questions are senseless. He would prefer women sitting on divan. Divan is Turkish borrowing. For him if is some kind of symbol of freedom from these ceremonies. Now, as he passed through a tangle of piddling streets that led indirectly to the elegant Mayfair terrace forwhich he was bound, a mutual exclusiveness at the idea of confronting Joan Sebastable at her tea-table seized on him. In this sentence we can see that he doesnt see distinct aim tangle of small streets. It is a metaphor. Also he thinks about place no t about the woman whom he is going to meet there. We see it when he pay perplexity to it elegant Mayfair. The ceremony scares him so much a horror at the idea of confronting Joan Sebastable at her tea-table seized on him. The horror is metonymy here. However he got deliverance and he comes to Rhoda, to his remote cousin. He looks at her only from the business-like side.She doesnt ask him a lot of questions about his tea and he pays attention on that contrast between her and other women She made no other allusion to food, but talked amusingly and made her visitor talk amusingly too. The repetition of the word amusingly accentuate this contrast. Cushat-Prinkly establish that he was enjoying an excellent tea without having to answer as many questions about it as a Minister for Agriculture might be called on to resolution to during an outbreak of cattle plague. He compares these questions with questions to a Minister. So simile here show that he doesnt want to answer them. Finally, he marries Rhoda. And we see that everything ends with tea ceremony again There was a pleasant tinkling note in her voice as she handed him a cup. You like it weaker than that, dont you? Shall I put some more hot water to it? No? Climax in this story can be observed in the part when his sisters accept his choice.The message of the story is in the desire of James to lead another life not ordinary one. It makes us think about life itself, about the definition of happiness. It is some kind of image of happiness in society but the author makes us think that maybe we shouldnt be the same as other. The story made me smiling and sad at the same moment. Smiling as it finishes a little bit ironically. He finally gets right that situation that he was afraid of. However, it also makes me sad as I begin to think about things that are told to make us happy but actually dont. All the people are different and everyone need to find something suiting especially to him or to her.

African Poetry Essay

RICAN songTruthful and resultful human experience forms the basis for written expression in any branch of literature. Conv oculusd through a language of international exchange, it washbasin reach a wider audience for whom it becomes a subroutineful reference in times of need. The English language attained international prominence due to some(prenominal) reasons one of the most important beingness colonization. As in other countries of the Commonwealth, English was imposed on Anglophone Africa as a means of easy conversation and administrative convenience.It is a historical irony that the same language serves the Afri enkindle writer in voicing his thoughts and contacts to the world at large. While discussing the future of English, Simeon hall porter observes, It will adopt to meet new needs and in that incessant reshaping and adaptation, every speaker and writer consciously or unconsciously will mulct some part. (181) Today, the prediction of Porter came true of African wri ting in English. It brought strength and appeal to the English language by adding a large cooking stove of new vocabulary and usage.Writing on the problems faced by the African English writers, Chinua Achebe the famous Nigerian writer says, The African writer should aim to use English that brings out his message without altering the language to the extent that its value as a spiritualist of international exchange will be lost. He should aim at fashioning out an English, which is at once unusual and able to carry his peculiar experience. (61) It is applaudable that the writers of Africa succeeded in accomplishing the above task cast by Achebe, which is by any means not an easy one.Their successful integration of indigenous experience and expression in an alien tongue accredited worldwide acclaim. Their success proved, as critics wish well Srinivasa Iyengar pointed out, A shot in the arm of modern English Literature has had to come from West Africans like Amos Tutuola, Wole Soyin ka and Gabriel Okara. (16) The social occasion of poetry, in African literature, has been highly effective in providing the people with the needful inspiration and the necessary insight.The language of poetry, for the African people, is a source of learning and comely aware of their destiny that necessitates the knowledge of their past, present and the possible future. These and several other ideas fuelled African poetry in English.For the African poets, poetry became a powerful medium through which they conveyed to the world audience, not only their despairs and hopes, the enthusiasm and empathy, the thrill of joy and the stab of pain but alsoa nations news report as it moved from freedom to slavery, from slavery to revolution, from revolution to independence and from independence to tasks of reconstruction which further involve situations of failure and disillusion. (Iyengar, 15)When we read African Literature, we should, by obligation remember that, colonization was at its h arshest in Africa. As history stands proof, it was highly exploited and savaged by the ambitious white man. This experience is on the minds of all thinking poets. Despite getting uhuru or independence, the bitterness returns again and again.The unforgettable colonial past comes angrily alive in a song by Kenyas poet Joseph Kareyaku thus, It is not as you suppose, your lands, your cars, your money, or your cities I covet It is what gores me most, that in my own house and in my very own home you should eye me and all thats mine with that practiced, long-drawn, insulting sneer. (quoted in Iyengar, 30) In a poem entitled If you want to know me Noemia De Sousa writes ruefully of Africa, by effectively use the literary device of personification thusThis is what I amempty sockets despairing of possessing of life a mouth torn open in an suffer wound a body tattooed with wounds seen and unseen from the harsh whipstrokes of slavery tortured and magnificent proud and mysterious Africa from head to foot This is what I am. (Narasimhaiah, 137) The much-brutalized Dark clean is tellingly depicted in the following lines of a poem named The Shapes of Fear by Richard Ntiru. Like an arrested breath when breathing makes silence imperfect and the ear cannot score between the conspiratorial whispers and the winds singing. a twig in the courtyard snaps and report of a gun is down the stairsstood. (Narasimhaiah, 137) Nigerian poet , the Nobel laureate Wole Soyinkas masterful irony skilfully conceals anger at the racist attitude in his famous poem, Telephone Converstion. After negotiating for a house on rent on telephone, he tells the landlady of his being a black African. He was rudely shocked when he was caught foully by the ladys query regarding his darkness thus HOW DARK? I had not misheard Are you light OR VERY DARK (Narasimhaiah, 149).The ill- mannered silence between the ii is filled with images such as stench of false breath of public- hide-and-speak, Red booth, R ed- Pillar-box, Red double-tiered Omnibus squelching tar that subsume the age-old and still hopeless and violent colour- conflict. The theme of English superiority glares through David Rubadiris poem A Negro Labourer in Liverpool Here his hope is the shovel And his fulfillment resignation. (Narasimhaiah, 134) One of the most important phases in African poetry is Negritude, a powerful literary movement founded by Aime Cesaire of Senegal.Among other things, the Negritude poets favoured the theme of glorification of Africa. They worshipped anything African in scintillating rhymes. Anger at inequity meted out to the colonized Africa is also one of the oft-repeated themes of their poetry. Heres an example from David Diops poem Africa. Africa, my Africa Africa of proud warriors in ancestral savannahs. Is this you, this impale that is bent This back that breaks under the weight of humiliation This back trembling with red scars And saying yes to the whip under the midday sun.. That is Af rica your Africa.That grows again patiently obstinately And its fruit gradually acquires The bitter taste of liberty. (Narasimhaiah, 153) Dennis Brutus, a South African poet, was subjected to torture by a cruel regime. His writing is full of images of love contrasted with images of death thus, rot Your face gleams up Beneath me in the dusk Abandoned A wounded dove Helpless Beneath the knife of love. (Quoted in Theroux, 2) Great feeling for Africa is felt in Abioseh Nicols poem The Meaning of Africa thus Africa, you were once just a name to me So I came backsailing big bucks the Guinea coast . You are not a country Africa, You are a concept I know now that is what you are Africa Happiness, contentment and fulfillment. (Quoted in Povey, 39) A poets affirmation of his love for Africa shines radiantly through the following verses. Dark Africa My dawn is here Behold I see A copious warm glow in the East, And my day will soon be here. (Iyengar, 30) Deification of Africa is a fit topic for many African poets. Perhaps this is their reception to the self glorification and the civilizing zeal of the imperial powers of Europe.Bernard Dadies poem attains special significance viewed in that light. He says in a poem entitled I Thank God, I thank you God for creating me black. White is the colour for special occasions Black the colour for every day And I excite carried the World since the dawn of time And my laugh over the World, through the night creates The Day. (Narasimhaiah, 122) In Africa, the advent of the white mans civilizing mission displaced scores of native societies from their own cultural roots.The impact of the spread of Christianity combined with actual benefits such as classroom education and well-paid jobs forced many Africans abandon their own corporate trust and adapt the religion of the pale-faced aliens. This situation is responsible for the natives to suffer from culture shock. Nevertheless, the native is expected to owe allegiance to his own t ribal culture and embrace Christianity for material benefits. This cultural confusion is well articulated by Mabel Segun in a poem thus Here we stand Infants overblown Poised between two civilizationsFinding the balance irksome. (Quoted in Povey, 39) Gabriel Okara expresses the same sentiments in a lyric thus When at break of day at a riverside I hear jungle drums Then I hear a wailing piano Solo speaking of complex ways. (Quoted in Gleason, 143) However, there are poets like Kofi Awoonor Williams of Ghana whose passion for past is expressed in his rediscovery themes with the help of extended rhythms as in the following lines. Sew the old days for us our fathers that we behave them under our old garments after we have washed ourselves.. ( The Anvil and the Hammer)again, Sew the old days for me my father Sew them so that I may adopt them For the feast that is coming. (Quoted in Theroux, 4) He accomplishes the same excellence of evolving extended rhythms in poems like The Long Jou rney and My Song. Poetic excellence and rare innovative originative ability are seen in Christopher Okigbo poems such as The Stars Have Departed. He says, The stars have departed The sky in a monocle Surveys the world under The stars have departed And I- Where am I? ?Stretch, stretch O antennae, To clutch at this hour, Fulfilling each movement in aBroken monody. (quoted in Walsh, 48) Images that can evoke a situation beyond hope which are reminiscent of Eliots war poetry are visible in the following verses from K. brewages poem The Search. The past is but the cinders Of the present The future The smoke That escaped Into the cloud- bound sky.(quoted in Walsh, 50) Some of the poets have realized the futility of fighting over issues such as race, respect and national identity. What more can be more illuminating than the enlightened poets words such as, You must submit the sifting sands of self- seeking and deceitand erect far mightier mansions on the rock of healthy soil. (Iyenga r, 36)Lenrie Peters poems are short on the print but deep on ones mind like the one cited below Open the gates To East and West Bring in all Thats good and best. The memorable lines of Peters poem On a wet September Morning with their sheer beauty of imagination and the underlying thought of universal brotherhood celebrate the oneness of the human family.To cite a few verses, The echo burst in me Like a great harmonic chord- Violins of love and happy voices The pagan trumpet blastSwamping the lamentation of the horn Then the heraldic drums In slow crescendo boost Crashed though my senses Into a new present Which is the future. After this brief glance at African poetry, we realize that it is not simply an offshoot of British literary tradition. espite the many disadvantages such as a scarred past, colonial trauma, expression in a foreign medium, inability to travel abroad, unstable economic and political state of affairs in their respective nations, lack of educational opportuniti es, the African poet has effortless creative capacity.It is an enriching combination of rich oral literature, native experience and trade tradition of writing in English that made African poetry a tremendous success both at home and abroad. The Black Orpheus (African Poets) is no longer an unknown or an unwanted quantity but a fascinating and often enviable and beneficent literary marvel from what was ignorantly termed as the dark continent.

Organization of Study Time

try and revision skills INFO This section covers the following ideas and material An introduction to revision methods, including concept mapping, ? ow charts and heed maps planned revision time practising examination technique. General say methods Organisation of study time The examinations ar looming immense. Suddenly you realise that you do need your nones and experimental pass from the last year of instruction or two. Are they in keen shape? Well It is worth meaning that revision is just that. It shouldnt be the first time that you ease up tried to get to grips with a subject.Organisation of study habits over a whole subscriber line is a vital part of being successful. This certainly means influenceing things, such as making sure that your nones ar intact and readable. But it overly includes making sure that you have understood the ideas and connections as you have cover a offspring. Nothing can be worse than trying to learn masses of material that you don t understand. The best preparation for an examination begins a long time before it This spreads the load and lessens the tension as the examination approaches. realise 1 tells various aspects of preparing for examinations.The coursework arm emphasises not only the collection of good notes directly from year, but also the need to look at and use material from outside. Reading reference material and taking useful notes from it is a skill in itself. Table 1 outlines different methods of reading and their purpose. The first three methods atomic number 18 more than appropriate to using books for reference. However, in that respect is an increasing number of general science books and magazines for which the last two methods are appropriate. In growth, there is an increasing amount of reference material now available on CD-ROM and, most(prenominal) significantly, the internet.You should dress ways of using this material, as it provides a more interactive presentation of the mater ial. The ability to flummox notes and topic summaries as you work through a course is important, as they can then be use as a starting point for revision. You should not think of practical work in chemistry as separate from different classwork. The ideas and detailed information from the practicals are important in reinforcing your understanding of a topic. Indeed, a particular experiment may help you to look on and understand a crucial idea giving you a visual clue on which to hang the idea in your memory. Cambridge University bosom IGCSE chemistry Study and revision skills 1 reading CD-ROM practical work classnotes COURSEWORK review cards summary sheets Information how much? when? spider diagrams Or gan isin topic lists mind maps gn ote s O n rga g isin tim e befool breaks REVISION SKILLS use a timetable u St sk ill key speech and ideas s dy bi ha stick to timetable or y ts M em suitable out regular reviews use summaries, spider diagrams and mind maps Figure 1 Revision pretends organisation and the development of particular skills. alone or with a friend ime of day Type of reading skimming see reflective reading detecting bias reading for pleasure Method looking for the main topics looking for specific information reading carefully and thoughtfully, with attendance to detail separating fact from opinion reading at own pace Purpose to amass an over on the whole impression to find particular facts or conclusions to dumb tack a thorough understanding of a topic to form a decided impression of a controversial area to gain a opinion for a subject, and for enjoyment Table 1 Different methods of reading and their purpose.This book, and the accompanying materials, are aimed specifically at students taking the Cambridge IGCSE chemical substance science course. This is a course and energy with a genuinely high international reputation. 2 Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills INFO There is an excellent website for Camb ridge IGCSE students, at www. cambridgestudents. org. uk/subjectpages/chemistry/igcsechemistry Do take a good look at this website. You will ? nd copies of past papers, model answers to past questions, some simulations, and revision checklists petty(a)d on the syllabus.The tips from examiners are there to help you do hale in the exam and are certainly worth taking note of. The website is worth visiting regularly, as sensitive material and up-to-date papers are added to it. Getting started We have s assistance it earlier, and it can be boring to repeat it, but it remains true all the same to make sure of a high grade in your final examinations you will need to work voteless throughout your course. Here are some tips to help you make the best use of the time you put in on your work in chemistry. Make sure you have a copy of the IGCSE Chemistry syllabus.There is one provided on this CD which also gives you guidance as to where in the book the different topics are covered. It is imp ortant you know the course you are taking and the way in which you will be assessed. IGCSE exams arent just approximately learning facts. You need to be able to understand your work and become sufficiently confident in your understanding to answer questions somewhat things you have never met before. You need to be able to transfer your knowledge in a particular area to an example that will be unfamiliar to you.The IGCSE examiners will be setting questions to test three sets of skills (they are known as Assessment Objectives). These are Skill A knowledge with understanding Skill B handling information and solving problems Skill C experimental skills and investigations. just about 50% of all the marks in the exam are for skill A, 30% for skill B and 20% for skill C. Skill A is about learning and understanding all the facts and concepts in the syllabus. These are covered in your textbook, and your teacher will make sure you have met them all in class as your course progresses.The re are no crafty shortcuts, it is alone a case of getting your head down and working at these. Skill B is about using these facts and concepts and applying them to an unfamiliar context. Its important that you become confident in tackling questions that, at first sight, look completely new. The workbook will give you heaps of practice at this. Trying past question papers will also help to test this skill, but there will still be unusual material that you will meet for the first time in the exam. The following model exam question is similar to the type of question found on an extended paper and will give you some idea of what to expect.Cathodic protection of steel objects is not mentioned in the syllabus whereas sacrificial protection is. even here you are asked to compare the two using your knowledge and understanding of electrolysis. Skill C is about practical skills. You should have plenty of opportunity to do experiments in a laboratory throughout your course. The workbook als o has exercises that will help you to improve your skills at handling and interpreting data obtained from experiments, and designing experiments. But make sure you gain the most you can from your practical sessions.Chapter 12 gives you clear guidance about what is involved in the assessment of your practical work. Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills 3 Model Q Questions For relevant material, see Chapter 9. Titanium is very resistant to corrosion. One of its uses is as an electrode in the cathodic protection of large steel structures from rusting. + power steel oil rig which is cathode titanium anode seawater contains H+(aq), OH(aq), Na+(aq), Cl (aq) a Define oxidation and reduction in terms of electron transfer.Oxidation is the loss of electrons Reduction is the gain of electrons HINT Remember OIL RIG to help remember oxidation is loss reduction is gain 2 b The steel oil rig is the negative electrode (cathode) in this protective electrolytic arran gement. Name the gas formed at this electrode. Hydrogen HINT expelling of H+ ions from the seawater. 1 c Name one of the two possible gases formed at the titanium anode. Oxygen (or chlorine) HINT Discharge of OH? ions or Cl? from the seawater. 1 d Explain why the oil rig does not rust.T oil rig legs are the cathode in the cell that is set up (see diagram)he and oxidation does not take place at the cathode (electrons are moving towards the cathode, not away from it). HINT See Chapter 4 oxidation takes place at the anode in electrolysis reduction takes place at the cathode. Do not confuse this with sacri? cial protection. 2 e Another way of protecting steel from corrosion that involves using another metal is sacrificial protection. bounce two differences between sacrificial protection and cathodic protection.Cathodic protection involves electrolysis and needs electricity it uses an inert electrode (here make of titanium). Sacrificial protection needs a more reactive metal this meta l corrodes instead of the steel. Sacrificial protection does not need electricity. f What is the name of the method of rust protection that uses coat? galvanization 2 1 4 Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills Keeping up progress During the course you will be given work to do. Try to work steadily through all the necessary material throughout your course. It is really important that you keep up with this.Dont set out to make life-time difficult for yourself. Do make sure that you understand each piece of work you do. Research acquaints that we find it much easier to learn and remember things if we understand them. If there is something you dont understand, make sure you do everything you can to put this right straight away. sooner often working through a topic with a friend will help. Use your school library or the internet. Be careful of the internet, though, as many chemistry sites are written for other courses in different countries. These can us e different approaches and it is difficult to apply the explanations you see.Ask your teacher for a (short) list of reliable sites you can go to regularly. Strategies of study Your study sessions should use a variety of techniques to aid your understanding and learning of the material. Simply reading over your notes is not a particularly productive strategy. Try to summarise topics as you read, then shorten the summary down to a set of key words. Having learnt these, try to reconstruct notes on the topic. Your learning and understanding can also be checked and developed by answering questions from past examination papers. Keep the length of time taken to answer questions in mind when testing yourself.There is no point in preparing over-elaborate answers to short questions. An important aspect of understanding a topic is to see the connections between the ideas involved. Establishing these links makes it so much easier to remember the details of a topic. Pictorial methods of linking ideas can be very useful for this. INFO The methods available include ?ow charts concept maps Venn diagrams mind maps. The importance of all these methods is that they push up us to sort out the material into key ideas, and then to establish the links between them.It is useful to draw up the diagrams for yourself. Remember that your maps may well differ from other peoples. Comparing notes with others, or even drawing them up together as a group, can also be very useful. Sharing ideas and comparing maps helps you to think things through. As you use these methods, you will develop greater skill in drawing them up. Flow charts are linear in their approach and work down from a major idea by a series of subdivisions. They are useful for emphasising the different types of chemical substance, for example (see examples of charts in Chapters 2 and 3 in the textbook).Concept maps and mind maps are particularly useful for helping you to see the flow of ideas. In a concept map (Figure 2), the interwoven idea is written alongside the connecting arrow. Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills 5 a combustion neutralisation precipitation synthesis redox are types of a catalyst speeds up a chemical reaction can be written down as a word or sign equation word n tio equa sym bo equa l tion example zinc + oxygen zinc oxide 2Zn + O2 2ZnO these are fractions this is a compound this means this means 2 atoms of zinc 1 molecule of oxygen is the process that positive ions undergo at the cathode during is the gain of ELECTROLYSIS transferred during ELECTRONS is the loss of is the opposite process to is the process that negative ions undergo at the anode during process used to extract metals in the BLAST FURNACE REDUCTION REDOX OXIDATION is a special form of is the opposite process to is the removal of is the addition of COMBUSTION OXYGEN element removed from metal ores by carbon in Figure 2 a Spider diagrams, and b concept maps involve organising i deas and their connections. reactions in which substances react withVenn diagrams are useful for showing where different categories overlap. For example, the different ways in which we categorise reactions can result in overlaps. Figure 3 shows this. It also shows how the term redox reaction covers a wide range of reactions. 6 Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills NEUTRALISATION acid + base/alkali salt + water ONLY PRECIPITATION forming an insoluble solid by a chemical reaction sodium thiosulfate + hydrochloric acid REDOX tax deduction Decomposition to elements Electrolysis Displacement Figure 3 A Venn diagram showing various types of reaction.Can you think of examples to ? ll each space? (One has been done for you. ) Figure 4 shows a mind map covering aspects of the nature of atoms and molecules. This particular map covers a wide range of ideas radiating from the central idea that matter is make up of very small particles (atoms or molecules, depe nding on the substance being talked about). The interconnections of ideas are emphasised. Putting the map on paper helps you to sort out your ideas There are obviously overlaps between different topics. There are various pieces of mind-mapping software available (one was sed to construct Figure 4) and you can find these on the internet. However, it is important not to get over-involved in the processes of a particular IT package. In many ways the important thing about mind-mapping is that it can be practised quite casually, and frequently, simply on a piece of rough paper. Sketching different mind maps on different topics is a way of looking at the subject from different angles to aid the memory. The main point is the thinking that is done while constructing the map. Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills 7 escribes the states of matter and the movement of particles in these states the particles in matter are moving all the time ion init de f different substances contain different types of particles, e. g. atoms, ions or molecules Kinetic theory all matter is made up of very small particles the higher the temperature, the higher the average energy of the particles Diffusion does not take place in solids heavier particles move more belatedly than lighter particles at the same temperature much slower in liquids than gases often energy given out various types, e. g. synthesis and decomposition usually not easily reversibleATOMS AND MOLECULES new chemical substances formed Chemical reactions e. g. melting or dissolving Physical changes Daltons idea easily reversible, e. g. by cooling or evaporating no new chemical substances made Atomic theory atoms of different elements can combine to make the molecules of a compound a pure element contains only atoms with the same number of protons in the nucleus atoms of an element are each given their own symbol atoms are the smallest particles that take part in a chemical reaction the atoms of the different elements differ in size Figure 4 A mind map on atoms and molecules. Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills (isotopes) (nucleus) (nuclear reactions) (balanced equations) physical properties depend on how the atoms are linked together (atoms can be subdivided) everything is made from about 100 elements, each made up of different atoms everything is made of invisibly small atoms, linked together in different patterns everything can be made from a few substances feature in different ways structures weigh the same as the total mass of their parts the total amount of matter stays the same (by mass) during chemical changes mount of matter stays the same (by atom count) during chemical changes chemical combinations of substances have different properties visible objects may be made of large number of very small invisible particles substances have physical properties magnifiers and microscopes often show that objects are made of smaller parts sm all parts can be put together in different ways to make different things water evaporates into the air all materials come from someplace and must go somewhere PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES COMMON ELEMENTS ATOMS ARE INVISIBLY SMALL CONSERVATION OF MATTERKEY Scientific ideas More general notions Storylines Figure 5 The different storylines behind the maps branch into each other. Figure 5 shows how several storylines can be linked together. This type of diagram can help you see the overall pattern of a section of the course you are taking and begin to see the connections between ideas. The more connections, or associations, you can make between ideas, the more likely you are to understand and remember them. When a particular part of a course, or a particular topic, is finished it can be useful to produce a diagrammatic summary.This helps pay back the linked ideas while they are still fresh in your mind. The charts can provide a useful checklist when it comes to revision. The next three ch arts (Figure 6a,b,c) show how parts of a course can be summarised. Figure 6a summarises a great deal of the material covered in Chapters 2 and 3, and Figures 6b and 6c flow into each other and show how much of chemistry develops from a consideration of the Earths resources. This map of chemistry provides a context for your studies. Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills 9 a SOLIDS LIQUIDS heavy weaponESinterpersonal chemistry SECTION ONE PARTICLES ATOMS MOLECULES IONS ATOMIC STRUCTURE proton number Z mass number A PROTONS ELECTRONS ORBITS (2,8,8) PROTONS +NEUTRONS NEUTRONS = AZ p + 1 n o 1 e EQUATIONS and CALCULATIONS Balancing Mr from Ar + % Quantities from equations Solids and gases Formulae from % Data Book FORMULAE 1 1840 CHEMICAL BONDS FORMING IONS Metals lose electrons Non-metals gain electrons GROUP 1 THE ALKALI METALS reaction with Water Storage Variation down group Density m. p. IONIC COVALENT SHARING ELECTRONS GROUP 7 THE HALOGENS matchi on with iron Displacement colourize Variation down group m. . TRANSITION METALS Coloured compounds Catalysts High m. p. s NOBLE GASES No reactions Coloured lights METALS NON-METALS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Malleable Conductors Strong High m. p. glassy Alloys BURNING IN pedigree and OXYGEN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Brittle Poor conductors Low m. p. Dull REACTIVITY OF METALS BASIC OXIDES ACIDIC OXIDES Figure 6 a, b, c Flow charts can show very clearly the links between different areas of chemistry and help provide an overall pattern to a course. 10 Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills b CHEMISTRY SECTION TWOALKALIS Basic Oxides + Water CHEMICAL REACTIONS ACIDS Acidic Oxides + Water REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS AIR NEUTRALISATION H + +OH H2O BONDS BREAK and FORM WATER ACID POTASSIUM SODIUM 14 pH WEAK WEAK STRONG pH STRONG NEW SUBSTANCES 8 6 1 Rapid Rapid BANG ENERGY CHANGE CALCIUM Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry MAGNESIUM Quite Quick Rapid WATER pH7 SALT ALUMINIUM ZINC SULFATE Sulfuric Acid CHLORIDE Hydrochloric Acid NITRATE Nitric Acid Slow React with Steam Slow IRON ENDOTHERMIC Energy used and taken in EXOTHERMIC Energy produced and given out COPPER No rattling Slow REVERSIBLE REACTIONS Can go both waysSILVER No GOLD No N2 + 3H2 2NH3 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS RATE(Speed) OF REACTION Reactions happen when particles collide. BUT they must collide hard enough. More collisions or harder collisions = Faster reaction. More reactive metals displace Less reactive metals from their compounds. BIG DIFFERENCE = FAST REACTION TEMPERATURE ALL REACTIONS Higher temp Faster Particles Harder Collisions Faster Reaction Faster Reaction More Collisions More Particles More Conc REACTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS REACTIONS WITH SOLIDS Small Pieces More Surface More Collisions Faster Reaction parsimony SURFACE AREACATALYST SOME REACTIONS Catalyst not used up. Less energy needed More collisions succeed Study and revision skills ENZYMES Special Biological Cat alysts in Living things. 11 c 12 BAUXITE ROCK Crust HEMATITE REDUCTION MALACHITE BLAST FURNACE ELECTROLYSIS OF MOLTEN OXIDE ALUMINIUM IRON LIME O2 STEEL CHEMISTRY SECTION THREE THE EARTH RAW MATERIALS N2 AIR O2 carbon dioxide WATER H2O Photosynthesis Breathing IGNEOUS LIMESTONE HE AT Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry S U N SEDIMENTARY BLAST FURNACE + PURIFICATION BY ELECTROLYSIS Decay ering Erosion eat W sport Deposi an nta tio Tr Ceme tion n PLANTS Cooling Heat compact COPPER ANIMALS Death MAGMA METAMORPHIC M elti n g HALITE RockSalt NITRIC ACID LIME CEMENT GLASS SLAKED LIME CO2 O2 FOSSIL FUELS NITRATES IN SOIL NATURAL GAS AMMONIUM NITRATE N2 ELECTROLYSIS OF SOLUTION HABER PROCESS AMMONIA NITRIC ACID FERTILISER COAL vegetable oil COKE HYDROGEN Fuel CHLORINE Water Treatment SODIUM HYDROXIDE Soap. BLEACH FUEL +or ELECTRICITY FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION ALKENES GAS PETROL NAPHTHA KEROSINE DIESEL LUBRICATING OIL FUEL OIL BITUMEN CRACKING PLASTICSStudy and revision skills The g lossary words are important Chemistry can be said to have a language of its own. As for the other sciences, there are special terms that need to be understood and remembered an atom is not the same thing as an ion or a molecule. There are also some words that have a different incline on their meaning in chemistry. For example, saying that ethanol is volatile does not mean that it is about to freak out, simply that it evaporates easily. Throughout the textbook, you will find words that have been highlighted in red bold type.It would be useful to make a note of these and make sure that you are clear about their meaning. A glossary of these important chemical terms is also provided at the end of the book. The same glossary is also provided on this CD. If your first language is not English and possibly even if it is it would be useful to keep your own chemical vocabulary book to help you to learn and understand the terms used in this subject. This should help you to understand ques tions clearly and not get tied up in confusing waffle in your answers. Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills 13

Eating at home is better Essay

In 1900, only 2 percent of meals were eaten outside the plateful. In 2010, 50 percent were eaten away from legal residence. Most family meals happen round three measure a week. Nowadays, living in the 21st century, people are busy. Most people are busy with work, school, sports, and opposite extra-curricular activities. And along with universe so busy,thus, a nearby restaurant usually twists our dining-place. It pilenot be denied that alimentation out is a more convenient picking. However, eating out everyday can be very expensive. Moreover, the restaurant food is unhealthy, because most of the food are fatty and salty.In addition, the most important thing is, as I bring forth experienced, dining out is not as enjoyable as having a straight-laced alkali-cooked meal. in that respectfore, compared with eating in a restaurant, eating at home lead be a better choice. First of all, one of the most important fact is that homemade meal is less expensive, which means eating at home is a very good method to save money. Sandy Dawes, a new lawyer, and his husband, Chris, a Ph. D. candidate, used to dine out four times a week. Now they usually eating out once a week, at most, because their budget have been squeezed by the rising prices, student loan bills and car payments,etc.Meat, vegetables and other ingredients from supermarkets or grocery stores are very affordable, and the total cost of a homemade meal is much less than the cost of a meal at a restaurant. For instance, dine at a moderately expensive restaurant, people usually end up spending about $20 to $30 for a meal. In addition, this price is not included the tax and tips. The price people paid to the restaurant is not only for the food, but also for the services provided. However, with the selfsame(prenominal) amount of money, three or four ordinary meals can be prepared at home actually.According to a survey which made by Mintel International, a market research firm, since the economy soured and t he prices of food raised, Americans began to spend more time in their kitchen, to cook the lunch and dinner for themselves. From this, it proved that eating at home is a way to save money. Another reason of eating at home is that homemade food is healthier, and it may even enhance our life. Although restaurants are offering more nutritious food options these days, the choices are often limited.Most foods that are served in restaurants contain high amounts of fat and calories, and even more or less harmful seasoning, such as MSG, which can be detrimental to our health. However, if we prepare our own food by ourselves, we can choose those low-fat and low-calorie and our favorite ingredients to prepare our meals. There willing be no any limitation when we are choosing what we want to eat. Another disadvantage of dining out is that we cannot know exactly what we are eating. small-arm we can see the meats and vegetables that are used to prepare our meal, we may not know what ingredie nts go into the sauces and seasoning.Also, chefs can make mistakes, and they may accidentally add just about things that they should not into our food. This is especially important for those who are allergic to certain foods. Therefore,if we prepare our own food at home, we know exactly what we are eating. Besides, the reason of why we should eating at home is not only because of the healthier food, but the length of our life. According to a research which was published in Public wellness Nutrition, a Cambridge University journal by a research team, made up of Taiwanese and Australian researchers, eating a home-cooked meal up to five times a week could enhance our life.In addition, according to the research, not only eating at home can live longer, the one who cooked at home about five times a week were 47 percent more probably to still be alive after 10 years. exist but not least, eating at home provides a very good chance to a family to sit together and have a nice conversation . Family member can share their daily life on the dinner table, parents can know more about the life of their children, such as hows their school life, or whether they have any difficulties on anything or not, eating at home offers an excellent opportunity for family bonding. Moreover, Family dinner can made children become healthier.There was a survey found that those children who ate dinner with their families most oft ate more fruits and vegetables and less soda and fried foods. When younger kids frequently eat dinner with their families, they are less likely to be overweight than other children. Besides, according to the report of The National Center on Addiction and inwardness Abuse at Columbia University (CASA), it shows that children who have regular meals with their parents do better in every way, from better grades, to healthier relationships, to staying out of trouble, and they are less likely to smoke cigarettes and marijuana or drink alcohol.There is no any disadvantag e to stay at home, make the home-cooked food at our sweet home with our lovely family members. We can save more money, enjoy healthier and more nutritive food, have a better life style, build a stronger bonds with our family members, our children will be healthier and more clever. Everything will be good if we eating at home, so, eating at home is definitely a better choice when there are two choice in front of us.

Stock Market and Stock Option Plan

Should the company implement the proposed employee timeworn choice plan? In a characteristic stock option plan, the employee is offered a specific number of shares which he/she can exercise (buy) at some specified time in the future. The price at which the employee can buy the stock is equal to the market price at the time the stock option was granted (grant price). The employees gain is equal to the market survey of the stock at the time it is exercised, less the grant price. If the market price of the stock remains the same or decreases relative to the grant price, thus the stock option is worthless.Stock options are typically offered to managers, most technical individual contributors and about half of the other professionals. Smaller organizations offer stock options more widely, in some cases to all employees In THTF case, stock options are offered to the former category. There are various factors that Tsinghua Tongfang should consider before implementing the proposed emplo yee stock option plan. Future appendage Stock options are appropriate for small companies where future growth is expected. Being a young company, THTF looks to be tumesce posed for future growth.Cultural differences In China, there is high importance attached to feeling valued and having a sense of belonging. This results in Chinese companies having to maintain a good reputation for treating their employees well or risk unwanted attention. In the current economic climate, competitions for key employees are extremely fierce. Options, to a certain extent, do inspire loyalty and cargo and provide employees with a sense of ownership which is a unique and potentially powerful compensation tool.However, research (Economists article False Options) has shown that un exchangeable the US counterparts, the Chinese rarely exercise vested stock options during their tenures at the solid. This may be due to the perceived notion in China where cashing out stock option may suggest disloyalty to the firm since once the options are cashed, the alignment of ownership and counsel no longer exists. Thus, options become an ineffective measure. Hence, there may a need for the company to consider the level of understanding among its Chinese employees with regard to options. An option may become an ineffective measure as seen from above.Educating employees is one effect but the cost and logistical burden of such undertaking may outweigh the potential benefits for company and its employee. In THTFs case, as the key management are pushing for the implementation of the stock option, it can be inferred that they do understand the usefulness of stock options. Retention Retention of employees is of great interest especially in the high-tech industry THTF was based in. Key management were highly sought after. Stock options can serve as a guardianship appliance as stocks options will motivate employees to remain with the firm as they can see their investment grow.Stocks options will a lso encourage less risk-averse and optimistic employees or have employees that can join on value to work at the firm. This may be aligned with THTF interests. Therefore, stock options can help to retained and attract fitting people to work at the firm. However stock options can fall underwater due to bearish stock market conditions rather than poor firm performance and cause major morale and retention problems. This may lead to stock options not having their intended effects. Still, in this THTFs case, they are currently in a robust and high-growth economy, thus stock prices are unlikely to fall.From an incentive point of view, employees benefit when stock price goes up, so stock options motivate employees to increase their companys price. This si aligned with the shareholders interest as when stock price goes up, presumably value has been created. The stock options may get the employees to think like shareholders. Nonetheless, this may not be the case. An option holder does not s hare the downside in holding the stock. If the stock loses value, the option holder will simply and fail to exercise the option and thus avoid the loss. Risk that would scare off a shareholder is a matter of indifference to an option holder.This may lead management taking too much risk as the upside to taking the risk gives high paybacks whereas there is virtually no downside. In THTF, other measures need to be put into place to make sure of the interests alignment before implement stock options compensation. Employees From the employees point of view, receiving stock options is a huge benefit as the employee can reap financial success from the firm. But is it really so? The executives may suffer from the more volatility then the market as they are too under diversified with their stake too over concentrated in a irm. Employees should not put their bollock instruments and salary into one basket. Thus, this will lead to the undervaluing of options by the employees. This shows tha t options are wasted on employees. Market Paranoia Stock options compensation may also lead to the market being deeply suspicious of the corporation. When top executives are paid in stock options compensation, they get huge compensation packages which are hidden away from world scrutiny. Furthermore, stock options also dilute shareholders.Management may also manipulate the market before the stock options grant date to get a repair deal for themselves which would lead to excess volatility. Thus, having stock options compensation may lead to distrust from the market, having long term adverse effects on the stock prices. finish Given the current restrictions and ambiguities of the Chinese laws and regulations applicable to options, THTF should take a conservative approach to such practice. If THTF determined that the use of options is immediately necessary for the recruitment and retention of employees, the options should be granted.

If Women Ruled the World Essay

I was intrigued after ready your es advance What if women ruled the world and after reading it, I myself being a women, I discovered I have some opinions of my own I would like to share them with you. For hundreds of years women have been classed as weaker then men and second class compared to men.We get about of these believes because of what is often stated in the bible 1 Timothy 212 I do not permit a women to teach or to have authority over a man she must remain silent this has, in my opinion, gartered shaped the circumstance that we see women as not as strong, or be unable to rule. I personally disagree with what the bible says and I am a bit of a feminist, although it is up for interpretation, God to a fault states that we are created in image of him, so we are all equality important.In my opinion, I do envisage that there would be some sort to the world if it was ruled by women, entirely not a humungous difference, I think we touch on such a big deal out of the fact that women are second class to men, that we have this is strange idea that if that women ruled world, it would be completely different, when realistically speaking, It wouldnt be so different would it? galore(postnominal) people say that if women ruled the world, there would be less war and more peace.It is true that women dislike conflict more than men, but that is stereotype, a flock of women enjoy conflict and victory and being better than others so they can feel smug. They say this even if they dont know what its like to be a leader, which they dont, I for one am not a leader of any large government or country so I can only hardly imagine the pressure someone is put under when they have to decide whether to go to war or not, I do not think it matters what gender you are, you want to do what is best for your country and your people, it is the instinct for survival and the survival of our children.They are under your care and you must make sure they are safe, if they are in danger o f being attacked, you want them to be safe and protect your country-sometimes war is the only option, do you honestly think Winston Churchill was keen to go to war with Germany in 1939 and risk the lives of people? Sometimes you cannot do what you want, but what you must.In your letter you state that women often experience flavour differently to men, this I do agree on, although men and women are very similar, it is a fact that we think using different parts of our brains. I do think that the economically would be different, and perhaps we would be in such a bad economic state. Women do think differently to men in the way that we analyse things more thoroughly and think of different ways to find a solution.Then again, back onto my topic of war some women do not like the thought of war, as they mostly care about their own families and the families of people they care about, and we do suffer the most in wars-as you verbalise. if we worked with men, we could help them build bridges b etween countries and keep peace and ensure, as you said broader range of issues, from food security to sexual violence, are addressed Maybe we wouldnt be so drastic in going to war, as I stated before, we would probably think it through and decide whether it was worth it.Furthermore, as you said in your essay, women are more team oriented, so women could try and work together and make alliances with other countries and keep peace. In your essay you also say that, when women have more money they spend it on essential things like education and health. I think, if women ruled the world there would be less need as we would try and spend money on things that truly matter in LEDCs like Africa.If women ruled the world, if they there were less wars because of what I stated earlier, we wouldnt have to spend much money of weapons for war, we could use that saved money to spend it on better schools and health care, so, as you said the perfect community prospers. In conclusion, I honestly do not know what the world would be like if it were ruled by women, for it never has been and probably allow not be for a while, all we can do is purely speculate because of our believes and our own opinions. I do, however, think there would be a difference, but not a massive one.

A Central Theme or Motif in the Play Othello, Is Jealousy

jealousy is the commutation study in the turning Othello by William Shakespe be. It is the most famous literary work that focuses on the dangers of green-eyed monster. The play is a study of how green-eyed monster can ruin lives even with only the most circumstantial rise of guilt. The play opens in Venice and revolves mainly roughly a man called Othello. Its his actions and thoughts which makes the play interesting and suspenseful. Themes such(prenominal) as deal, jealousy, betrayal, honesty and vengeance are all important and widely portrayed throughout the play.However, as we venture into the play and the character Othello, we will realise that jealousy is ultimately the most important theme of them all. It is the fundamental element that fuels the characters and evidently crafted the play into how it is today. From the beginning of the play, we clearly see the jealousy in Iago. This is seen with his faeces at being passed over for promotion to be Othellos lieutenant. Cas sio, the bean counter, got the job instead of Iago the experience soldier. He just has to accept his loss. But, of course, he does not, and that becomes the driving force of the play.His strategy of dealing with loss is to blame back with vengeance and deception against Othello, who has humiliated him by passing over him for promotion. He stays block to Othello, acting as his best fri destruction when he is actually deceiving Othello, I am not what I am. He is out to get back at Othello and he does this by creating an evil invent against him. Othello is in love with Desdemona and secretly marries her. He loves her and is willing to do anything for her. However, he is blinded by this love and allows jealousy to ruin their relationship.Jealousy is so mischievous and has rendered Othello to become so vulner satisfactory to the evil schemes by Iago. Iago uses Desdemona in his plan, and succeeds greatly. Iagos plan begins as he openly executes his plan of destruction, which incorpor ates jealousy as the key factor. He intends to create a strong sense of jealousy in Othello by setting up the mirage of an mathematical function between Desdemona and Cassio. Othello is a simple man. He has never dealt with a situation like this in advance. As a result, he had very extreme reactions because of his jealousy.However, Othellos jealousy has not developed and still doubts their affair. Therefore no extreme actions have been committed all the same. The quote Away at once with love or jealousy by Othello allows us to understand that he still has faith in Desdemona and does not entrust she is victimise on him. However, Iago continues to feed Othello with rumors of the affair. His persistency and Othellos vulnerability has caused a rapid development of jealousy in him. By the quote I like not that, we can see that it is the turning point for Othello he begins to lean towards Iagos interpretation of the truth.In doing so, Othello falls into the trap and tells Iago that he wants Cassio and Desdemona dead. His love for Desdemona is so strong and yet jealousy overpowers him. Iago realises that although he does not have proof of the affair, he is still able to cause revile As proofs of holy writ this may do something. From this we realise how obstinate Othello is. Jealousy has made him get his ability to reason or think logically. In fact, Iago has been so successful with his plan that he was able to put Othello into a state of madness.He even loses control of his body and Iago explains it as epileptic seizures. At the end of the play, after Othello smothers Desdemona to death, it is brought to his attention that he was set up by Iago. In horror, he realizes his mistake. Just before his suicide, Othello explains that all will have to refer to him as one that loved not wisely tho too well. His lack of experience brought upon his ruin. Jealousy is described throughout the play as a monstrous emotion or more specifically, a green-eyed monster. This b ecomes increasingly more destructive and intense.However, its at the end of the play that Othello commits extreme actions because his jealousy has caused him to believe everything is true. Jealousy here is harness as a weapon, a weapon made so lethal because its victim ultimately destroys himself and others around him. It is interesting that Iago uses jealousy against Othello, as jealousy is likely the source of Iagos hatred in the archetypal place. In Othello, jealousy takes many forms, from internal suspicion to professional competition, but it is, in all cases, destructive.However, this jealousy was not originally prominent Othello, but was rather developed through Iagos numerous plans of destruction, which is unsounded through Othellos change in personality and actions taken. By studying the text Othello by William Shakespeare, we are able to understand that jealousy is a powerful emotion, one that can destroy relationships, and consume the mind. Whether sexual or platonic, o nce the seed of jealousy is planted it can lead to devastating consequences, as seen in the play.Jealousy can easily turn into anger, and overwhelm its victim making them obsessed with the notion. In the play Othello, many of the characters fall victim to jealousy, causing them to commit acts outside of their normal persona. Othello was the victim in the play, and was miserably destroyed by his uncontrollable jealously. Out of all the characters in this play, its obvious that jealousy was what ruined Othello. Jealousy had the most profound effect on him and in the end, destroyed his relationship with Desdemona, and himself. In doing so, I believe that jealousy is the central theme in the play.

Philosophy in Education Essay

With the rise in technology and the globalizing economy, educators and companies instantaneouslyadays are finding ways to find sufficient mechanisms to enhance education among separates. The challenge now is for educators to synthesize the technology available and collaborate on the meet t all(prenominal)ing method to address the take of students today into the future. At the same time, students and manoeuverers moldiness carefully piece out ideas and facts that will be suitable in the acquirement process. With the cooperation of both parties, full and role education shall be achieved.I believe that any individual has their utmost desire to learn and each one has their own subjective interests and field that they motivation to study. With this in mind, every individual seeks to find an institution that will cater to their need to learn. Thus, it is therefore grievous for institutions like colleges, universities and checks to continually solidify and harness these intere sts for it to be beneficial in each ones future endeavor. however the feat must not only be one-sided the action must in any case hail from the students desire and efforts to learn.For students, efficient teaching practices are indispensable in the development of their individual skills and talents. Educators must continually be trained to address the current demand and needs of students. In addition, with the growth in the literature and studies as far as education is concerned, issues such as (1) learning, (2) teaching styles, (3) models and (4) proper funding must be continuously address to ensue that each one is coping up in the recent turns in time.As far as students are concerned, their part and contribution to the learning process and education is also vital for the sector to be successful. Students in their own way must contribute to the rise of educational quality brought about by schools, universities and colleges. Since they are the target population of the mention ed institutions, each one must foster and catalyze continuous improvements.In addition, as courses and fields of study perish more specialized, students must cope with the challenges and try to gather as much knowledge as they perhaps can because the environment changes in the work community. Achieving a degree in a college, university or school does not stop an individual from learning and being educated. I believe that continuous education is vital in the work environment. The work environment also caters to an individuals learning process.As the worker continuous to gain experience from work, the depth and level of learning and education also increases. However, I contest that there will come a certain point wherein an individual who is working reaches his/her optimum latent to learn. With this, there will now be a decline in learning as familiarization and a routinely work environment enters the picture. Thus, the challenge for companies is to continually motivate workers an d introduce new concepts to make the asynchronous transfer mode more susceptible to learning and education.Companies must create scenarios that can enhance workers education and learning. This can be done by (1) creating efficient and effective training that will update workers of changes, (2) provide incentives to qualified workers to engross a higher career in education, (3) synchronize company objectives by allowing gradual changes to occur to obstruct growth stagnation of the workforce and (4) introducing new concepts that will preferably facilitate better methods to do quality work and at the same time learning.It is said that the only thing that does not change is change itself. Education and the learning processes are continuous to evolve through time. With this in mind, mankind must also address these changes for us to adapt and be capable of survival in the future. Mans changeless quest for knowledge does not stop at school, it only progresses and increases as he/she ga ins experience in the work environment. Education as a concept is not stagnant. One must strive and work hard to achieve his/her endeavors in life. This is my philosophy with regards to education.

Look at the questions

queer Elizabeth of England was known as one of the well-nigh successful rulers of her time for a number of different reasons. She did many things right, but the most prevailing aspect of her reign was her foreign policy. She was something of a revolutionary leader during that time in a number of different ways. While another(prenominal) leaders were busy fighting big wars to protect themselves from danger, Queen Elizabeth found a way to keep her enemies at bay by pacifying them.She used occasion and crop to balance between the countries and the powers that would have otherwise been a problem during that time. Though the premise of her policy was to function England, it actually helped much of Europe as a result. For example, European powers like France and Germany were able to build their jampacks power and their financial backing while not having to defend against a large armed force in England.Without having to look too far, one can find some of Elizabeths policies being e mploy in the world today. In some ways, they are being used in many of the very(prenominal) ways that Elizabeth used her policies back in England. There are some very good examples, including the mail that is currently happening in Ukraine. Ukraine is a country that was involved with the Soviet Union for a farsighted time, so they have struggled in the period shortly following that. The adjustment has been difficult, because the country still holds onto its Russian roots, but it is being pulled towards the Western world. Being in such proximity to both Russia and Europe, Ukraine has to fact oaf questions about the direction of their country.mainland china is a country that is always in balance between versatile powers, as well. On one side of them, thither is Japan, who holds much of the worlds power in the financial district. One the other hand, they have to balance between the socialist nations that surround them in the federation Pacific. In enunciate to make sure that th ey keep a good reputation around the world, China has had to keep pacify the Western world.They are a large producer of goods, so in order to stay viable, they have to keep the important trade relationships that have been developed up to this point. On the other hand, the socialist nature of their government makes it difficult for them to relate with countries like the United States and many of the nations in Europe.In the sixteenth century, England found itself in an interesting position. In many ways, the world was changing during that time. Today, it is still a changing world, so countries still have to account for these changes. Instead of having to simply care for today, countries like China and Ukraine have to take into account what might happen tomorrow.This is why it is difficult for these countries to have an economic and multitude strategy that pleases everyone. Queen Elizabeth was able to balance the interests of her country and many different countries, so that they cou ld become a power in the changing world. If England did not have such a balanced policy, then there is no way they could have charged into the new age in such that they would maintain their power into this current time.

A Survey on Different Architectures Uses in Online Self Testing for Real Time Systems

A Survey on unlike computer computer architectures Used in Online self-importance Testing for Real Time SystemsI.ABSTRACTOn-line self-testing is the solution for observing unchangeable and intermittent mistakes for non safety critical and real-time embedded multiprocessors. This paper fundament on the wholey describes the tierce programming and assignation policies for online self-testing.Keywords-componentsMPSoC, On-line self-testing, DSM engineeringII.INTRODUCTIONReal-time brasss ar really of import parts of our life now a twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours. In the last few decennaries, we have been studied the tweet facet of calculations. barely in recent old ages it has increase exponentially among the research workers and research school. There has been an oculus transmittable growing in the count of real-time systems. Bing purposed in domestic and industry production. So we shadow state that real-time system is a system which non merely depends upon the rightness of the consequence of the system further besides on the clip at which the consequence is produced. The illustration of the real-time system can be given as the chemical and atomic works command, infinite mission, flight discipline systems, military systems, telecommunications multimedia systems and so on all make recitation of real-time engineerings.Testing is a cardinal footprint in any development procedure. It consists in using a set of experiments to a system ( system under trial ? SUT ) , with quaternary purposes, from look intoing right functionality to mensurating public presentation. In this paper, we are interested in allegedblack- boxful conformity testing, where the purpose is to look into conformity of the SUT to a given specification. The SUT is a black box in the sense that we do non hold a theoretical account of it, therefore, can merely affirm on its discernible input/output behaviour.Real clip is placardd by quantitative system of clock ( existent clock ) 1 .Whenever we quantify clip by utilizing the existent clock we use existent clip. A system is called existent clip system when we need quantitative look of clip to depict the behaviour of the used system. In our day-to-day lives, we rely on systems that have implicit in temporal restraints including avionic control systems, medical devices, web processors, digital picture entering devices, and many other(a) systems and devices. In each of these systems there is a possible punishment or effect associated with the misdemeanor of a temporal restraint.a. ONLINE SELF TESTINGOnline self-testing is the most cost-efficient technique which is used to guarantee right functioning for microprocessor-based systems in the field and besides improves their dependableness in the presence of failures caused by personas aging.DSM TechnologiesDeep submicron engineering means, the usage of transistors of smaller sizing with faster exchanging rates 2 . As we know from Moore s jurisprudence the s ize of transistors are doubled by every twelvemonth in a system, the engineering has to suit those Iraki National Congresss in transistors in little country with better public presentation and low-power 4 .III. antithetical Architectures used in Online Self Testing in Real Time Systems.1.The Architecture of the prima donna bear upon In Memory dappleThe DIVA system architecture was specially designed to backbone up a smooth migration way for application package by incorporating PIMs into conventional systems every bit seamlessly as possible. DIVA PIMs resemble, at their interfaces, commercial DRAMs, enabling PIM fund to be accessed by host package each as smart memory coprocessors or as conventional memory 2 . A key out memory to memory interconnect enables communicating between memories without affecting the host processor.PIM Array PIM to PIM InterconnectFig.1 DIVA ArchitectureA package is closely related to an restless message as it is a relatively lightweight commun icating mechanics incorporating a mention to a map to be invoked when the package is received. Packages are transmitted through a separate PIM to PIM interconnect to enable communicating without interfering with host memory traffic. This interconnect must back up the dense packing demand of memory devices and let the accoutrement or remotion of devices from system.Each DIVA PIM bit is a VLSI memory device augmented with general intent computer science and communicating ironware 3 . Although a PIM may dwell of multiple nodes, each of which are chiefly comprised of few M of memory and a node processor.2. Bit Multiprocessor Architecture ( CMP Architecture )Bit multiprocessors are besides called as multi-core microprocessors or CMPs for short, these are now the lone mood to construct high-performance microprocessors, for a figure of grounds 6 .restricting credence of CMPs in nigh types of systems.Fig.2 The above figure shows the CMP Architecture 6 3.SCMP Architecture An Asymmet ric Multiprocessor System-on-ChipFuture systems will hold to back up multiple and coincident dynamic compute-intensive applications, while esteeming real-time and energy ingestion restraints. Within this model, an architecture, named SCMP has been presented 5 . This asymmetric multiprocessor can back up dynamic migration and pre-emption of projections, thanks to a coincident control of undertakings, while offering a specific information sharing solution. Its undertakings are controlled by a sacred HW-RTOS that allows online programming of independent real-time and non existent clip undertakings. By integrating a affiliated constituent labelling algorithm into this platform, we have been able to mensurate its benefits for real-time and dynamic image processing.In response to an of all time increasing demand for computational efficiency, the public presentation of embedded system architectures have change invariably over the old ages. This has been made possible through fewer Gat ess per grapevine phase, deeper grapevines, better term of enlistment designs, faster transistors with new fabrication procedures, and enhanced direction degree or data-level correspondence ( ILP or DLP ) 7 .An addition in the degree of correspondence requires the integrating of larger cache memories and more sophisticated leg anticipation systems. It hence has a negative impact on the transistors efficiency, since the portion of these that performs calculations is being bit by bit reduced. Switch overing clip and transistor size are besides making their lower fasten bounds.The SCMP architecture has a CMP construction and uses migration and fast pre-emption mechanisms to extinguish idle executing slots. This means large exchanging punishments, it ensures greater flexibleness and responsiveness for real-time systems.Programing ModelThe scheduling theoretical account for the SCMP architecture is specifically adapted to dynamic applications and planetary programming methods. The proposed scheduling theoretical account is based on the expressed separation of the control and the calculation parts. Computation undertakings and the control undertaking are extracted from the application, so as each undertaking is a standalone plan. The control undertaking handles the calculation undertaking programming and other control functionalities, like synchronisms and shared resource direction for case. Each embedded application can be divided up into a set of independent togss, from which expressed executing dependences are extracted. Each yarn can in bend be divided into a finite set of undertakings. The greater the figure of independent and fit undertakings are extracted, the more the application can be accelerated at runtime.Fig3SCMP ProcessingAs shown in Figure 9, the SCMP architecture is made of multiple PEs and I/O accountants. This architecture is designed to put up real-time warrants, while optimising resource use and energy ingestion. The following subdivisio n describes executing of applications in a SCMP architecture.When the OSoC receives an executing order of an application, its Petri Net representation is built into the Task Execution and Synchronization Management unit of measurement ( TSMU ) of the OSoC. Then, the executing and constellation demands are sent to the Selection unit harmonizing to application position. They contain allof bustling undertakings that can be executed and of coming active undertakings that can be prefetched. Scheduling of all active undertakings must so integrate the undertakings for the freshly loaded application. If a non-configured undertaking is ready and waiting for its executing, or a free resource is available, the PE and Memory Allocation Unit sends a constellation primitive to the manikin Unit.Fig4 SCMP Architecture 5 Table Of ComparisonName Of The PaperYear of PublicationWriterLimitsThe Architecture of the DIVA Processing In Memory Chip2002Jeff Draper, Jacqueline Chame, Mary Hall, Craig Stee le, Tim Barrett,Jeff LaCoss, bathroom Granacki, Jaewook Shin, Chun Chen,Chang Woo Kang, Ihn Kim, Gokhan DaglikocaThis paper has described a elaborate description of DIVA PIM Architecture. This paper holding roughly issues for working memory bandwidth, peculiarly the memory interface and accountant, direction set characteristics for mulct grained parallel operation, and mechanism for address interlingual rendition.Chip Multiprocessor Architecture Techniques to Improve Throughput and Latency2007KunleOlukotun, LanceHammond, James LaudonThis work provides a solid foundation for future geographical expedition in the country ofdefect-tolerant design. We plan to look into the usage of trim constituents,based on wearout profiles to total more sparing for the most vulnerable constituents.Further, a CMP switch is merely a first measure toward the overreachingend of planing a defect-tolerant CMP system.SCMP Architecture An AsymmetricMultiprocessor System on-Chip for Dynamic Applications201 0NicolasVentroux, Raphael DavidThe new architecture, which has been called SCMP, consists of a hardware real-time run system gas pedal ( HW-RTOS ) , and multiple computer science, memory, and input/output resources.The operating expense due to command and execution direction is limited by our extremely efficient undertaking and informations sharing direction strategy, despite of utilizing a centralized control. Future works will concentrate on the development of tools to ease the programmation of the SCMP architecture.DecisionWe have done a study how online self-testing can be controlled in a real-time embedded multiprocessor for dynamic but non safety critical applications utilizing different architectures. We analyzed the impact of three online self-testing architectures in footings of public presentation punishment and mistake sensing chance. Equally long as the architecture burden remains under a certain threshold, the public presentation punishment is low and an high-pressure ego trial policy, as proposed in can be applied to 8 D. Gizopoulos et al. , Systematic Software-Based Self -Test for Pipelined Processors , Trans. on Vlsi Sys. , vol. 16, pp. 1441-1453, 2008.such architecture. Otherwise, online self-testingshould see the programming determination forextenuating the operating expense in stomach to blamesensing chance. It was shown that a policy that sporadically applies a trial to each processor in a manner that accounts for the idle provinces of processors, the trial history and the undertaking precedence offers a good tradeoff between the public presentation and mistake sensing chance. However, the rule and methodological analysis can be generalized to other multiprocessor architectures.Mentions 1 R. Mall. Real-time system Theory and pattern. Pearson Education, 3rd Edition, 2008. 2 Analysis of On-Line Self-Testing Policies for real time Embedded Multiprocessors in DSM Technologies O. Heron, J. Guilhemsang, N. Ventroux et Al2010 IEEE. 3 Jeff Draper et al. ,The Architecture of the DIVA Processing In Memory Chip ,ICS02,June. 4 C. Constantinescu, Impact of deep submicron engineering on dependableness of VLSI circuits , IEEE DSN, pp. 205-209, 2002. 5 Nicolas Ventroux and Raphael David, SCMP architecture An Asymmetric Multiprocessor System-on-Chip for Dynamic Applications , ACM entropy International Forum on Next Generation Multicore/Many nucleus Technologies, Saint Malo, France, 2010. 6 Chip Multiprocessor Architecture Techniques to Improve Throughput and Latency. 7 Antonis Paschalis and Dimitris Gizopoulos Effective Software-Based Self-Test Strategies for On-Line Periodic Testing of Embedded Processors , DATE, pp.578-583,2004.IJSET 2014Page 1