Tuesday, April 2, 2019

Developing Policies for Avian Flu in Bangladesh

Developing Policies for avian Flu in BangladeshIntroductionHighly infective H5N1 was first describe in 2007 and since then the unsoundness has devastated effect on bird constancy of Bangladesh. Since its introduction into Bangladesh, the H5N1 has evolved continuously. H5N1-H9N2 co-infection and reassortment event in H5N1 has been put down in Bangladesh. All those leave evidence of emergence of novel viruses, payable to reassortment, in Bangladesh. For example H7N9 has been describe as a reassortant strain which have pandemic potential i.e destructive for human life (1).Objectives of the projectTo develop policies for both low and mellow pathogenic avian flu viruses present or at stake of entering Bangladesh,The stinting analysis for the highschool pathogenic strains assume that their economic effects are similar to those of H5N1.In this review I emphasise on the community at risk and occurrence and statistical distribution of HPAI and LPAI in Bangladesh.Population a t riskH5N1 has been describe in chicken, duck, pigeon, bozo, quail, turkeys, pet birds (2-10) and daft bird (2, 11) much(prenominal)(prenominal) as lesser whistling ducks (4) and crow (5, 10). H5N1 has excessively been documented in the fowl samples of live bird grocery store (LBM) (12), moneymaking(prenominal) farms (FAO classified the farming system three (3)) (13) and local chicken (14). In LBM, chicken, ducks and quail were the three species of LBM from H5N1 has been isolated most (4). AI virus has been inform also from environmental samples (4-6). In human (15), H5N1 has been documented in children (16, 17) workers of poultry grocery (18-20) and poultry farm (19).H7N9 has been account in chicken, quail, goose, duck and pigeon (8).H9N2 was report in chicken (Parent stock (layer) (21)), duck, goose, pigeon and quail (8). A bring inform that H9N2 was more prevalent in chickens eyepatch H5N1 was report dominantly in ducks and goose in compare to chicken (8).Occurren ce and distribution geographical distribution in your countryHPAI H5N1 and LPAI H9N2 is an endemic poultry disease in Bangladesh and has been occurred end-to-end the country (2, 4, 20, 22). Those two HPAI and LPAI two have been circulated together at poultry market since 2008 (4). LPAI H9N2 has been circulated persistently in bird markets (4) spell H5N1 have noncontinuous infection among LBM workers in Bangladesh (20). The disease has been distributed in retail market much(prenominal) as live poultry market, pet bird market, commercial farms (4, 6, 12, 13, 20) and wetland of Bangladesh such as Baikka Beel Hakaluki hoar, Tanguar Haors of Sylhet division and Jahangirnagar university lake of Dhaka division (11, 23).In Bangladesh, clade 2.3.2.1 was in report from crow and bird market (4, 5) whereas clades 2.2.2 was inform in bird markets (4). Clade 2.2 reported in northwestsoutheast direction whereas clade 2.3.2.1 reported mainly in northsouth direction of central Bangladesh(24). J amalpur district (Sarishari upazilla) reported as the HPAI outbreak epicentre for indigenous poultry in Bangladesh (25). H5N1 has followed Northwest southeastern United States oblique line during phase I outbreak. The disease has reported roughly from all all over the country with an exception in south constituent in phase II outbreak. In phase III outbreak, the disease has been extended to new areas from where there was no HPAI has been reported in antecedent two phases (11).Fig. Distribution H5N1 HPAI amid 2007 and 2012 (1)Geographic distribution in former(a) countries where epidemiology of the disease is likely to be similar khan et al. (2014) found soaked similarities in avian influenza virus clade 2.3.2.1 of Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Myanmar and proposed a common AI antecedent in the area (5). Three clades such as clades 1, 2.3.4 and 2.3.2.1 has been relate with human outbreak in Vietnam (18) and there was a changes in clade circulation over the time in Vietnam and al so in China (26).In separate(a) countries, H5N1 has been reported commonly from Red River Delta area and sporadically from highland areas of Vietnam(27). H5N1 has been reported in live bird market workers of Vietnam (18) and Hong Kong (20). H5N1 has also been reported in lower-Northern of Thailand (27). In India, the AI occurred mostly in backyard chicken of West Bengal (97%) and Assam (94%) states, while in Tripura state the AI reported only in 37% of backyard chicken (28).Prevalence in your countryOverall 0.87%-22.05% samples were positive for avian influenza virus (AIV) image A in Bangladesh (2, 3, 6, 8, 14, 23). AIV has been documented in migrant bird (3.93%), LBM chicken (7.06%), duck (1.68%-39.76%) (2, 3, 8, 23), pigeon (5.26%) (2), quail (8.5%)(3) and goose (9.09%) (8) of Bangladesh. Among chickens, AIV has been reported in broiler (12%-12.5%), layer (15%-62.5%) and local (0%-25%) chicken (8, 29). One get a line documented higher AI prevalence in hens (10.83%) in compare to cocks (8.65%) (14). AI was more prevalent in 34 weeks bird (12.80%) than 8-16 weeks birds (14). avian influenza Type A virus was detected with Antigen test kit and reported, prevalence was high in Dhaka district and Gazipur district while lowest was reported in Mymensingh (0.0%) (29).H5N1 antibodies has been documented at low level in rampantly birds (0.09%) of wetlands such as Tanguar Haor and Hakaluki Haor (23). A study reported 5% H5N1 seroprevalence in live bird market (LBM) worker (20) while an otherwise study documented no farm workers and bird market worker in positive for H5N1 in Bangladesh even though they had history of regular wholesaler with sick and moribund poultry (19). About 2% seroconversion per year has been documented in poultry worker of Bangladesh (20).Khatun et al. (2013) documented the AIV type A wintertime season sero-prevalence during celestial latitude 2009-February 2012 period and documented highest rate in December 2009-February 2010 (43.8 9%) whic h followed by December 2010-February 2011 (38.50% ) and December 2011-February 2012 (34.8 3%). The seasonal prevalence of AIV type A from Dec2009-Feb2010 (26 .89%), Dec2010-Feb2011 (18.50%) and December 2011-February 2012 (18.33%) respectively (page 3). The boilers suit sero-prevalence of AIV type A in three successive winter seasons was put down as 39.76% (23). In Feni district, overall 0%-25% AIV type A seroprevalence has been documented at union level (14).Co-infection (H5N1-H9N2) in poultry has been reported in Bangladesh (4, 6). For example, a study isolated 975 H9N2 and 66 H5N1 from a total of 19897 samples (4) while another study isolated H5N1 (92), H9N2 (734) and 62 other strain such as from 17,438 samples in Bangladesh (23). Of 22 avian influenza sample, a study identified 8 sample positive for H5N1, 4 samples positive for H7N9 and 10 samples positive for H9N2) positive samples (8). H10N7, H1N2, H1N3, H4N2, H3N6 and H3N8 has also been detected in duck population of Bangla desh (4, 23). avian influenza virus Type A co-infected with new fortification virus (9.90 %) has also been documented in Bangladesh (23).Prevalence in other countries where epidemiology of the disease is likely to be similarNasreen et al. (2013) H5N1 seroprevalence in bird market worker of Bangladesh study findings had similarities with Nigera, Indonesia and Vietnam study findings where no farm workers and bird market worker were found positive for H5N1 (19).AI was more prevalent in 34 weeks poultry (12.80%) than 8-16 weeks poultry in Bangladesh (14). Similar pattern has been documented in duck of Nepal for example duck 1 year older was 2 quantify more seropositive to AI virus than duck 7).IncidenceIn Bangladesh, Nasreen et al. (2015) estimated that the H5N1 incidence 7 cases per 100 bird workeryears and annual incidence 50 cases per 721 enlisted poultry workers (20). Biswas et al. (2011) estimated the higher mortality rate in backyard chickens (0.0703/day) followed by broiler (0. 0341/day), breeder (0.0215/day), layer (0.0179/day) and suggested that higher mortality in backyard chicken due to scavenging feeding and co-infection with other disease. In addition Biswas et al. (2011) stated that the findings did not bear evidence to the people faith that local chickens are less wedded to H5N1 infection than hybrids chicken (30).Reference1.Islam MR. Global and local challenges in the check up on of avian influenza. 9th International Poultry Show Seminar Dhaka, Bangladesh World Poultry apprehension Association-Bangladesh Branch 2015. p. 5-14.2.Rahman MH, Giasuddin M, Islam MR, Hasan M, Mahmud MS, Hoque MA, et al. Bio-molecular Diagnosis of Avian Influenza Virus from Different Species of wenchs in Bangladesh. 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